{"version":1,"generatedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.215Z","scope":"Post-answer educational enrichment: sourced selected excerpts, not individually historian-reviewed narratives. Imported prose is not used to infer visual answers, taxonomy, distractors, scoring or new question facts. Type articles describe a concept; object records describe the individual photograph. No machine translations or generated historical claims.","policy":{"textLicenses":["CC-BY-SA-4.0","CC0-1.0"],"imagePolicy":"Existing locally reviewed, hash-bound photo datasets retained; this enrichment does not replace answer photographs.","wikipediaPolicyUrl":"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use","clevelandPolicyUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","metPolicyUrl":"https://www.metmuseum.org/policies/image-resources","smithsonianPolicyUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq"},"coverage":{"museum-object":{"records":114,"withArticles":72,"en":72,"fr":0,"sections":169,"facts":495},"nature":{"records":32,"withArticles":32,"en":32,"fr":32,"sections":246,"facts":0},"smithsonian-object":{"records":105,"withArticles":75,"en":75,"fr":0,"sections":75,"facts":366},"smithsonian-type":{"records":35,"withArticles":34,"en":34,"fr":33,"sections":143,"facts":0},"museum-type":{"records":21,"withArticles":21,"en":20,"fr":21,"sections":79,"facts":0}},"failures":[],"retainedPreviousRecords":[],"items":[{"id":"cleveland:108744","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":["type:knife"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Single-Edged Knife (Scramasax)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.429","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/108744","sourceSha256":"195a1c4ca7c448959b8592a2131dff2efbf4deb82b5e64a037ddb26e372a3267","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:31.187Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:48:54.901000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Single-Edged Knife (Scramasax). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The scramasax, a single-edged knife, was a general purpose implement. It could serve equally well as a tool or as a weapon and usually did not exceed 12 inches in length. As with most objects of the Migration period, iron weapons survive as excavated grave goods and tend to be heavily corroded. The grips, now missing, were probably fashioned from wood or bone and silver inlay decorated the pommels (the knob on the hilt, or handle). The ornamental gold foil bands, perhaps from the original scabbards (the cases in which the blades of swords or daggers are kept) have survived relatively intact.","sourceField":"description"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Merovingian, Migration period, 6th-7th Century","en":"Merovingian, Migration period, 6th-7th Century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.429","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"iron, brass, gold foil, gold wire, gemstones","en":"iron, brass, gold foil, gold wire, gemstones"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.429","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 500–700","en":"c. 500–700"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.429","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 54.3 x 6.4 cm (21 3/8 x 2 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 54.3 x 6.4 cm (21 3/8 x 2 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.429","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Single-Edged Knife (Scramasax)","en":"Single-Edged Knife (Scramasax)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/108744","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:31.187Z","recordSha256":"195a1c4ca7c448959b8592a2131dff2efbf4deb82b5e64a037ddb26e372a3267","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:108870","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":["type:helmet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Corinthian Helmet","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.54","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/108870","sourceSha256":"d38628c901ab3665b7535e9722901eee7e20c2bccaf4a2a6812f7b9b2a5f52f8","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:02.302Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-09 21:21:32.784000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Corinthian Helmet. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Probably cast and then hammered into shape, this bronze helmet belongs to a type known as Corinthian, with almond-shaped eye holes, large cheekpieces, and a wide nose guard. Its significant weight raised early suspicions about authenticity, and although a 1928 technical examination found no conclusive evidence of forgery, scholars have continued to doubt its antiquity. Unusual details include the intact rivets, or metal fasteners, meant to secure liners; usually only their holes survive. The dueling warriors and inlaid palmette above the brow also find few parallels, and the silver meander pattern is unique. Most recently, a 2024 analysis found that both the copper and silver alloys of the helmet differ significantly from those expected in an ancient Greek helmet.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This helmet is very heavy—2.56 kilograms (5 lbs., 10 oz.), compared to average ancient helmets of 1.2–1.6 kilograms (about 3 lbs.).","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"(Bruno Tartaglia through Howard W. Parsons)","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Greece","en":"Greece"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.54","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze with silver inlay","en":"bronze with silver inlay"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.54","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"500–475 BCE or modern (before 1926)","en":"500–475 BCE or modern (before 1926)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.54","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 21.5 cm (8 7/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 21.5 cm (8 7/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.54","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Corinthian Helmet","en":"Corinthian Helmet"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/108870","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:02.302Z","recordSha256":"d38628c901ab3665b7535e9722901eee7e20c2bccaf4a2a6812f7b9b2a5f52f8","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:109609","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":["type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.234","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/109609","sourceSha256":"bf297df1d123356d5262f2a2914bc74c31a611534b9a1466c72723e8feb3c009","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:07.201Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:51:21.062000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Necklace. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Alternating semiprecious stones and granulated gold beads come together to form this magnificent necklace, capped with a gold clasp framed by banded agate cabochons. The pendant portion of this necklace is centered around a large translucent moonstone in a gold setting, framed by smaller garnet ovals, also set in gold. Two tiny gold lynx heads clasp the garnet settings in their mouths. Small baroque (nonspherical) pearls dangle from these central settings. The combination of multiple precious and semiprecious stones with complex goldwork suggests that this necklace was originally made in one of the Greek kingdoms in the Black Sea region.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The lynx heads on this necklace may reference the mythical King Lyncus of Scythia.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Dr. Jacob Hirsch","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Greece","en":"Greece"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.234","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold, moonstone, garnet, emerald, cornelian, baroque pearl, and banded agate","en":"gold, moonstone, garnet, emerald, cornelian, baroque pearl, and banded agate"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.234","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"100s BCE","en":"100s BCE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.234","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.234","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace","en":"Necklace"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/109609","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:07.201Z","recordSha256":"bf297df1d123356d5262f2a2914bc74c31a611534b9a1466c72723e8feb3c009","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:110795","canonicalId":"type:shield","relatedIds":["type:shield"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shield","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.325","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/110795","sourceSha256":"18f3def5d8d47049ae0e8afbef671c432945d7668e99a90768261b056fb5fe31","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:04.984Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:52:29.842000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Shield. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"A shield with a similar shape is on the Ugandan coat of arms, adopted in 1962 to mark the country's independence from Great Britain.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"1928: Purchased by Paul Travis on behalf of the African Art Sponsors and the Gilpin Players in Kampala, Uganda\n1928: The African Art Sponsors and the Gilpin Players\n1929–: The Cleveland Museum of Art by gift","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, Uganda/Kenya, unknown maker","en":"Africa, Uganda/Kenya, unknown maker"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.325","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Bamboo, wood, pelt, and plant fiber","en":"Bamboo, wood, pelt, and plant fiber"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.325","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"by 1928","en":"by 1928"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.325","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 34.6 cm (13 5/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 34.6 cm (13 5/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.325","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Shield","en":"Shield"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/110795","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:04.984Z","recordSha256":"18f3def5d8d47049ae0e8afbef671c432945d7668e99a90768261b056fb5fe31","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:113697","canonicalId":"type:shoe","relatedIds":["type:shoe"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pair of Shoes","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/113697","sourceSha256":"0832e3a4a9d619b6838f78e14a2faa3ff7b7640f84d4329b7baf698c75a9b3eb","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:29.109Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:58:57.688000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Pair of Shoes. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Finely knotted abacá fibers form intricate geometric patterns in this small pair of shoes, likely created for display rather than for wear. Some sections are dyed, adding subtle tonal variation to the design. The macramé technique combined with local abacá suggests a colonial-era or early-20th-century hybrid craft, likely taught in a convent or school setting.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The shoes are unstitched at the bottom, suggesting they were never meant to be worn.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1932: Mrs. Lyman [Annie Wickham] Treadway [1868–1951],\n1932–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Philippines","en":"Philippines"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Abacá fiber: macramé knotted lace","en":"Abacá fiber: macramé knotted lace"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1850–1932","en":"1850–1932"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 8.6 x 22.9 x 7 cm (3 3/8 x 9 x 2 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 8.6 x 22.9 x 7 cm (3 3/8 x 9 x 2 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Pair of Shoes","en":"Pair of Shoes"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/113697","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:29.109Z","recordSha256":"0832e3a4a9d619b6838f78e14a2faa3ff7b7640f84d4329b7baf698c75a9b3eb","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:113698","canonicalId":"type:shoe","relatedIds":["type:shoe"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shoe (one of a pair)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.1","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/113698","sourceSha256":"250e07230124f0f2c4d6897dba32f08503363ce10c86c1a7717c2f13573f3ba7","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:31.787Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:58:54.771000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Shoe (one of a pair). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1932: Mrs. Lyman [Annie Wickham] Treadway [1868–1951],\n1932–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Philippines","en":"Philippines"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Abacá fiber: macramé knotted lace","en":"Abacá fiber: macramé knotted lace"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1850–1932","en":"1850–1932"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 8.6 x 22.9 x 7 cm (3 3/8 x 9 x 2 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 8.6 x 22.9 x 7 cm (3 3/8 x 9 x 2 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Shoe (one of a pair)","en":"Shoe (one of a pair)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/113698","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:31.787Z","recordSha256":"250e07230124f0f2c4d6897dba32f08503363ce10c86c1a7717c2f13573f3ba7","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:113699","canonicalId":"type:shoe","relatedIds":["type:shoe"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shoe (one of a pair)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.2","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/113699","sourceSha256":"d1b80992006e061111befcce99d98c33d5e7fc8c1e723392d65ab3e41b5ad1af","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:33.130Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:58:54.804000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Shoe (one of a pair). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1932: Mrs. Lyman [Annie Wickham] Treadway [1868–1951],\n1932–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Philippines","en":"Philippines"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Abacá fiber: macramé knotted lace","en":"Abacá fiber: macramé knotted lace"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1850–1932","en":"1850–1932"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 8.6 x 22.9 x 7 cm (3 3/8 x 9 x 2 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 8.6 x 22.9 x 7 cm (3 3/8 x 9 x 2 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.650.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Shoe (one of a pair)","en":"Shoe (one of a pair)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/113699","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:33.130Z","recordSha256":"d1b80992006e061111befcce99d98c33d5e7fc8c1e723392d65ab3e41b5ad1af","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:115635","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":["type:basket"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Fruit Basket","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.353","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/115635","sourceSha256":"675328e6b12c176dab9a4794f227ef7d1315dab7c1360ac881bc6c8c294f8076","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:18.362Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-16 11:12:40.457000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Fruit Basket. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Silver fulfilled a prominent role in projecting wealth, status, and power in British life during the 1600s and 1700s. During this time, the arrival of silversmiths from continental Europe infused Dutch, French, and German influences within established English taste. For example, this basket was produced by Paul Jacques de Lamerie, who, despite being the preeminent silversmith in Britain during the early 1700s, was born in the Netherlands to minor French nobility. Unlike later designs, this work, with its rope-twisted handles, scalloped edges, and interweaving pattern, still closely resembles the straw baskets that inspired its shape and decoration.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The presence of handles suggests that this fruit basket was designed to be passed among guests after dinner.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?-1936: Grace Anna Studebaker Fish [Mrs. Frederick S. Fish, 1862-1946], New York, NY, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1936-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"England, London","en":"England, London"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.353","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver","en":"silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.353","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1729","en":"1729"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.353","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Paul Jacques de Lamerie (British, 1688–1751)","en":"Paul Jacques de Lamerie (British, 1688–1751)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.353","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 9.1 cm (3 9/16 in.); Center: 33 x 29 cm (13 x 11 7/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 9.1 cm (3 9/16 in.); Center: 33 x 29 cm (13 x 11 7/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.353","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Fruit Basket","en":"Fruit Basket"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/115635","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:18.362Z","recordSha256":"675328e6b12c176dab9a4794f227ef7d1315dab7c1360ac881bc6c8c294f8076","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:124415","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":["type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1945.380","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/124415","sourceSha256":"f8ef305ff5b55c21aea6037f58f3a0141b1b5efdb085a609cc65035c4cb729cb","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:13.958Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 06:24:57.833000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Necklace. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"An enormous amount of beaded strings and necklaces were excavated from Silla tomb sites. Glass, largely produced in ancient Rome since the late first century CE, also reached the Korean peninsula through the Silk Road, the ancient global trade route. Yet soda glass started to be produced in the Silla territory as early as the second century CE. Comprising glass beads, comma-shaped jades, and silver bands, this is an excellent example of a necklace.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Glass, largely produced in ancient Rome since the late first century CE, also reached the Korean peninsula through the Silk Road, the ancient global trade route.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1945: Lloyd Linton, Akron, OH, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1945–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Korea, Unified Silla period (676-935)","en":"Korea, Unified Silla period (676-935)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1945.380","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"jade, amethyst, gold, rock crystal","en":"jade, amethyst, gold, rock crystal"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1945.380","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"700s","en":"700s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1945.380","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace","en":"Necklace"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/124415","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:13.958Z","recordSha256":"f8ef305ff5b55c21aea6037f58f3a0141b1b5efdb085a609cc65035c4cb729cb","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:127721","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":["type:ring"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ring","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.383","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/127721","sourceSha256":"088a861862bdb030a01d38c02c09f675270ae37909389e75388fec0e0da9061c","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:04.491Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 06:34:36.650000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Ring. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Tradition holds that this ring was found in a garden in Winchester, England. In the 14th century, rings were worn in large numbers-four or five on one hand. The symbols of the sun and moon and the clasped hands found on this ring suggest a sentimental relationship between a man and a woman.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Philip Nelson of Beechwood, England; (Dr. Herbert N. Bier, London).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"England, 14th century","en":"England, 14th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.383","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilded silver, sapphire","en":"gilded silver, sapphire"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.383","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1300s","en":"1300s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.383","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 2.9 cm (1 1/8 in.)","en":"Diameter: 2.9 cm (1 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.383","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Ring","en":"Ring"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/127721","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:04.491Z","recordSha256":"088a861862bdb030a01d38c02c09f675270ae37909389e75388fec0e0da9061c","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:128837","canonicalId":"type:comb","relatedIds":["type:comb"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Comb","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.452","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/128837","sourceSha256":"4839db3c59d46522b516cc48e0756b741dc18a2a4dd0f14ec2b1f4e4add23dc6","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:26.411Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 06:39:12.886000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Comb. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This luxury object is masterfully fashioned from a single piece of wood. The openwork carving is intended to resemble Gothic windows. The inscription reads, \"mon ♥️ aves\" on one side and \"pour bien\" on the other, translated to \"you have my heart in your possession.\"","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Boxwood is a light-colored wood which is very hard, close-grained, and fine-textured, allowing the carver to do very fine delicate work.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"(Vladimir G. Simkhovitch, New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, Gothic period, 15th century","en":"France, Gothic period, 15th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.452","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"boxwood","en":"boxwood"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.452","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1400s","en":"1400s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.452","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 11.5 x 16.1 cm (4 1/2 x 6 5/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 11.5 x 16.1 cm (4 1/2 x 6 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.452","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Comb","en":"Comb"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/128837","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:26.411Z","recordSha256":"4839db3c59d46522b516cc48e0756b741dc18a2a4dd0f14ec2b1f4e4add23dc6","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:128948","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":["type:candlestick"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Candlestick","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.539","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/128948","sourceSha256":"7bdf0d519369a752bbed2ab7c9004f5f4077211c1a1b4b1c925dbf2cc65a9419","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:41.193Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 06:39:41.349000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Candlestick. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Candlesticks were a common type of luxury good in the Islamic world during the medieval period. The extensive decoration on this piece is arranged in bands with roundels displaying birds in flight and leaf-like scrolls on a background of hexagonal swastikas. These ancient motifs are thought to have been sun symbols and were sometimes used as a background pattern for metalwork at this time.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1951: (Heeramaneck Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1951–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Eastern Anatolia","en":"Eastern Anatolia"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.539","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"sheet brass inlaid with silver","en":"sheet brass inlaid with silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.539","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1250–1350","en":"1250–1350"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.539","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 24.4 cm (9 5/8 in.); Diameter of base: 21.3 cm (8 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 24.4 cm (9 5/8 in.); Diameter of base: 21.3 cm (8 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.539","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Candlestick","en":"Candlestick"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/128948","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:41.193Z","recordSha256":"7bdf0d519369a752bbed2ab7c9004f5f4077211c1a1b4b1c925dbf2cc65a9419","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:128963","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":["type:clock"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Clock","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.550","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/128963","sourceSha256":"744fc73a1903c207cabef3bc68ca92d29d4833c5ec5cd9b3873380c87ae6c27c","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:38.500Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-22 11:53:13.720000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Clock. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"made for Versailles. (Cesar M. de Hauke, Paris).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France","en":"France"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.550","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilt bronze","en":"gilt bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.550","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1750","en":"c. 1750"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.550","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 93 x 49.5 x 36.3 cm (36 5/8 x 19 1/2 x 14 5/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 93 x 49.5 x 36.3 cm (36 5/8 x 19 1/2 x 14 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.550","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Clock","en":"Clock"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/128963","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:38.500Z","recordSha256":"744fc73a1903c207cabef3bc68ca92d29d4833c5ec5cd9b3873380c87ae6c27c","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:131719","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":["type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace with Pendants","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.3","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/131719","sourceSha256":"fc6b8d44acfb5a0cb15b49e268376258eddf270402107ceed9ea9534985d7c45","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:08.546Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-03 14:14:42.701000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Necklace with Pendants. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Wearing richly decorated gold necklaces such as this one was a common practice among members of Byzantium’s upper classes. In addition to their use as personal adornments and symbols of social status, necklaces with cross pendants and capsules containing relics were also believed to function as powerful protective devices. Here, two hexagonal gold cylinders that may have enclosed either magical texts or holy substances flank a cross pendant on either side.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Just as some of us wear jewelry associated with our particular faith, the original owner of this necklace proudly wore this cross a symbol of their Christian beliefs.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"(Mrs. Paul Mallon, New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Byzantium, Constantinople?, early Byzantine period, 6th century","en":"Byzantium, Constantinople?, early Byzantine period, 6th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold, garnets","en":"gold, garnets"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"500s","en":"500s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Part 1: 56.5 cm (22 1/4 in.); Part 2: 4.5 x 3.1 x 1.6 cm (1 3/4 x 1 1/4 x 5/8 in.)","en":"Part 1: 56.5 cm (22 1/4 in.); Part 2: 4.5 x 3.1 x 1.6 cm (1 3/4 x 1 1/4 x 5/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace with Pendants","en":"Necklace with Pendants"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/131719","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:08.546Z","recordSha256":"fc6b8d44acfb5a0cb15b49e268376258eddf270402107ceed9ea9534985d7c45","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:132990","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":["type:table"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Side Table with Everted Ends","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1955.42","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/132990","sourceSha256":"65d68451fbd32180d6df4ca87dee32c3c574235b44d6ea5ca0b18318d4573033","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:43.276Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 06:50:31.433000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Side Table with Everted Ends. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Classic Chinese furniture is an art of carpentry and joinery, which makes use of a mortise-and-tenon framework. Design and craftsmanship, coupled with the organic material of the hardwood, create endless aesthetic possibilities. This side table is beautifully carved with cloud-collar spandrels on the aprons as well as openwork panels with cloud-collar patterns inset between the legs and the feet. The table has a narrow top in proportion to its length and bears the detail of the upturned ends that makes it more formal, and possibly used as an altar table.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Camphor wood is excellent for furniture making because of its attractive wood grain patterns and its distinctive scent that repels insects.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"George N. Kates [1895-1990]\n?-1955: Mrs. R. Henry [Emery May Holden] Norweb [1895-1984], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1955-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Ming dynasty (1368–1644)","en":"China, Ming dynasty (1368–1644)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1955.42","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"redwood veneer and camphor wood","en":"redwood veneer and camphor wood"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1955.42","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"late 1500s–1600s","en":"late 1500s–1600s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1955.42","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 88 x 51.8 cm (34 5/8 x 20 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 88 x 51.8 cm (34 5/8 x 20 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1955.42","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Side Table with Everted Ends","en":"Side Table with Everted Ends"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/132990","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:43.276Z","recordSha256":"65d68451fbd32180d6df4ca87dee32c3c574235b44d6ea5ca0b18318d4573033","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:136398","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":["type:fan"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Fan","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.267","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/136398","sourceSha256":"1869cea2cecb4f012ce9d17713025ab9603338ac89340bafcb7a87b3b52e1048","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:11.672Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 06:57:41.109000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Fan. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This folding fan decorated with figures in 18th-century costume dancing, playing music, and flirting exemplifies the Rococo revival in America. In response to widespread urbanization and the spread of manufacturing, wealthy members of American society embraced styles and subjects of the past such as the fête champêtre (outdoor entertainment). This luxurious, handmade object denounces the mechanization of mass production.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"1960: Ms. Helen Humphreys, Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1960-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, late 19th century","en":"France, late 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.267","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Leaf: gouache on paper; sticks and guards: mother-of-pearl; pivot: gold","en":"Leaf: gouache on paper; sticks and guards: mother-of-pearl; pivot: gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.267","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1850–1870","en":"c. 1850–1870"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.267","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Marie Gallois (French); Tiffany & Co. (America, New York, est. 1837)","en":"Marie Gallois (French); Tiffany & Co. (America, New York, est. 1837)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.267","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 24.2 cm (9 1/2 in.); Spread: 46.1 cm (18 1/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 24.2 cm (9 1/2 in.); Spread: 46.1 cm (18 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.267","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Fan","en":"Fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/136398","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:11.672Z","recordSha256":"1869cea2cecb4f012ce9d17713025ab9603338ac89340bafcb7a87b3b52e1048","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:137166","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":["type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Chair","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.125","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/137166","sourceSha256":"3637fcf4fec348ee8ea7ee9ccca5738726ceefdc72e59c205c72abb9aae09422","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:40.592Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:00:00.722000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This chair exemplifies the neoclassic style in America. Design books published by British cabinetmakers transmitted the style to the New World. Indeed, Samuel McIntire found inspiration for this chair in Plate 2 from the 1794 edition of George Hepplewhite's Cabinetmaker and Upholsterer's Guide. The McIntire chair's shield-shaped back, however, is pointed rather than rounded, and the front legs, enriched with carved grapevines, have tapered \"spade\" feet with ebony applied. McIntire's carving skill brought him great success in Salem, a town half the size of Boston, but where some of the finest furniture of the period was made. This chair comes from a set owned by the Derby family, one of the most prominent in Salem.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"1962: (Israel Sack Inc., New York, NY, 1962, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, Salem, early 19th Century","en":"America, Salem, early 19th Century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.125","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mahogany","en":"mahogany"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.125","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1800","en":"c. 1800"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.125","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Samuel McIntire (American, 1757–1811)","en":"Samuel McIntire (American, 1757–1811)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.125","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 97.2 x 57.2 x 46.4 cm (38 1/4 x 22 1/2 x 18 1/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 97.2 x 57.2 x 46.4 cm (38 1/4 x 22 1/2 x 18 1/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.125","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Chair","en":"Chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/137166","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:40.592Z","recordSha256":"3637fcf4fec348ee8ea7ee9ccca5738726ceefdc72e59c205c72abb9aae09422","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:138612","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":["type:bell"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bell (Bo Zhong)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.44","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/138612","sourceSha256":"5621e04d148be6b6bcfa7a875bb2d86718d06f5993f12e97fdaf85b977b4039b","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:50.612Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-24 11:49:02.029000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Bell (Bo Zhong). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Music in the Eastern Zhou dynasty not only served ritual purposes but also provided entertainment in feudal courts. The elliptical cross-section of the Chinese bronze bell is unique; it could produce two notes depending on where the bell is struck, either at the rim or near the center. The bell is suspended when played and often belongs to a graduated set arranged according to pitch and size. This bell displays elaborate ornamentation and exquisite workmanship. A twin-bodied serpent intertwined with two tigers forms the suspension loop at the top. Coiled serpents form the knobs on the body. The lower part bears an animal mask, its horns interlaced with abstract bird designs.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The bell could produce two notes depending on where it is struck.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BCE)","en":"China, Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BCE)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.44","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze","en":"bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.44","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 400s BCE","en":"early 400s BCE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.44","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 41.4 cm (16 5/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 41.4 cm (16 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.44","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Bell (Bo Zhong)","en":"Bell (Bo Zhong)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/138612","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:50.612Z","recordSha256":"5621e04d148be6b6bcfa7a875bb2d86718d06f5993f12e97fdaf85b977b4039b","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:140087","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":["type:ring"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Finger Ring","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.98","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140087","sourceSha256":"ac412543c7f706875081d6663e5d71c703e2abe4fcf5f0f11a955f30eb378ad9","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:00.155Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:10:37.584000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Finger Ring. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This silver signet ring depicts a kneeling figure facing left in a heavy robe, with hands outstretched and wearing a headdress. The figure is probably a priest or priestess making an offering at an unseen altar. Less skilled carving and the worn surface make the image difficult to interpret, especially the object in the figure’s right hand.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"When signet rings were stamped, the image would be reversed on the stamped surface.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Greece","en":"Greece"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.98","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver","en":"silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.98","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"300s BCE or later","en":"300s BCE or later"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.98","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 2 cm (13/16 in.); Bezel: 0.8 x 1.4 cm (5/16 x 9/16 in.)","en":"Diameter: 2 cm (13/16 in.); Bezel: 0.8 x 1.4 cm (5/16 x 9/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.98","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Finger Ring","en":"Finger Ring"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140087","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:00.155Z","recordSha256":"ac412543c7f706875081d6663e5d71c703e2abe4fcf5f0f11a955f30eb378ad9","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:140246","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":["type:table"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Low Table (kang zhuo) with Dragons in Clouds","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.228","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140246","sourceSha256":"388451f230bf805c87c47ac9fd823235b9cef24ea5e6775f79b40e2bbc96d144","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:46.037Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:11:44.445000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Low Table (kang zhuo) with Dragons in Clouds. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Originally, low tables were placed on a kang, a raised platform made of brick and heated by a fire underneath, which served as a bed and living space on cold winter days in northern China. During the daytime, these platforms could accommodate two sitters with a kang table placed between them. In the warmer south, kang tables were used on daybeds made of wood. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, furniture makers used rare tropical hardwood, such as huanghuali, known as rosewood.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Note the curved legs, the elaborate openwork carving, and metal-fitted corners in the form of bats.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"David Ketel, the Netherlands\n?–1961: (Frank Caro [1904–1980], New York, NY, sold to Severance and Greta Millikin)\n1961–64: Severance A. [1895–1985] and Greta [Marguerite Steckerl] Millikin [1903–1989], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1964–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644) or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)","en":"China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644) or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.228","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Rosewood (huanghuali) and metal","en":"Rosewood (huanghuali) and metal"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.228","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1600s–1700s","en":"1600s–1700s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.228","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 29 x 97.2 x 69.2 cm (11 7/16 x 38 1/4 x 27 1/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 29 x 97.2 x 69.2 cm (11 7/16 x 38 1/4 x 27 1/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.228","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Low Table (kang zhuo) with Dragons in Clouds","en":"Low Table (kang zhuo) with Dragons in Clouds"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140246","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:46.037Z","recordSha256":"388451f230bf805c87c47ac9fd823235b9cef24ea5e6775f79b40e2bbc96d144","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:140247","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":["type:table"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Side Table","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.229","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140247","sourceSha256":"fbfe300b8b27b8ad652b7bb98e2a96b0eab2da6f6dababe0b86fdefb5e8f9421","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:41.935Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:11:44.318000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Side Table. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Long, rectangular tables were often placed against a wall to hold candlestands, flower vases, or incense burners. It was customary to hang ancestor portraits, images of religious figures, or seasonal paintings above the table that would convey auspicious wishes and blessings to the family. The high legs show stylized cloud-shaped spandrels. At each end of the table, between the recessed legs, are carved openwork panels with a lively dragon motif.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The table top is made of a single plank of wood.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"David Ketel, the Netherlands\n?–1961: (Frank Caro [1904–1980], New York, NY, sold to Severance and Greta Millikin)\n1961–64: Severance A. [1895–1985] and Greta [Marguerite Steckerl] Millikin [1903–1989], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1964–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644) or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)","en":"China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644) or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.229","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Rosewood (huanghuali)","en":"Rosewood (huanghuali)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.229","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1600s","en":"1600s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.229","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 86.4 x 199.4 x 41.9 cm (34 x 78 1/2 x 16 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 86.4 x 199.4 x 41.9 cm (34 x 78 1/2 x 16 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.229","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Side Table","en":"Side Table"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140247","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:41.935Z","recordSha256":"fbfe300b8b27b8ad652b7bb98e2a96b0eab2da6f6dababe0b86fdefb5e8f9421","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:140406","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":["type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.35","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140406","sourceSha256":"45ffb73b7c34722130a8ab6f13b4f39522a0a5ae06a9511884d351396f75a29c","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:09.896Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-18 13:07:22.117000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Necklace. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Throughout the 1700s, the growing trade for personal luxury objects transformed the material culture surrounding marriage and courtship. Gifts such as perfume, sheet music, books, textiles, portrait miniatures, and jewelry often demonstrated the status of the gift giver and their investment in the relationship. While intended to be seen and admired, this glittering and ostentatious necklace disguised a system based on the labor and suffering of enslaved or indentured people, whether in gold and stone mines or the shop where it was made.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This type of necklace, with its single large pendant, is known as a lavalier and was popular among aristocratic women during the 1700s. Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, was known to have several necklaces of this type.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"-1964: Mrs. Severance A. Millikin [1903-1989], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1964-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"England or France","en":"England or France"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.35","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold, silver, and brilliants","en":"gold, silver, and brilliants"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.35","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1775–95","en":"c. 1775–95"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.35","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Part 1: 29.6 cm (11 5/8 in.); Part 2: 12.1 cm (4 3/4 in.)","en":"Part 1: 29.6 cm (11 5/8 in.); Part 2: 12.1 cm (4 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.35","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace","en":"Necklace"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/140406","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:09.896Z","recordSha256":"45ffb73b7c34722130a8ab6f13b4f39522a0a5ae06a9511884d351396f75a29c","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:142772","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":["type:clock"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Clock","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.476","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142772","sourceSha256":"b4f0deeb25c75d59d095574331467d972b4f7dbedb9b3aeb5de5d03af6aa1dbb","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:50.102Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:20:20.175000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Clock. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The use of Russian hardstones in creating precious objects became a hallmark of design from the House of Fabergé. Easily carved, these minerals were sourced largely from the western region surrounding the Ural Mountains. Fabergé's workmasters used colorful stones such as agate, nephrite (jade), lapis lazuli, rock crystal, and rhodonite, seen here in this small desk clock, to create and embellish flower studies, animal figures, and all manner of luxurious accessories. Bright pink rhodonite was among the rarest, and consequently most expensive, specimens used by the House of Fabergé.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The bright pink color of this small desk clock is a result of manganese, the principle mineral found in rhodonite.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?-1966: India Early Minshall [1885–1965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1966-: The Cleveland Museum of Art","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Russia, St. Petersburg","en":"Russia, St. Petersburg"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.476","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"rhodonite, silver, enamel, diamonds","en":"rhodonite, silver, enamel, diamonds"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.476","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1905–15","en":"c. 1905–15"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.476","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Henrik Wigström (Russian, 1862–1923); House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)","en":"Henrik Wigström (Russian, 1862–1923); House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.476","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 5.3 x 5 x 2.9 cm (2 1/16 x 1 15/16 x 1 1/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 5.3 x 5 x 2.9 cm (2 1/16 x 1 15/16 x 1 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.476","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Clock","en":"Clock"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142772","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:50.102Z","recordSha256":"b4f0deeb25c75d59d095574331467d972b4f7dbedb9b3aeb5de5d03af6aa1dbb","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:142773","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":["type:clock"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Kremlin Tower Clock","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.477","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142773","sourceSha256":"8c750f303bf4420809e89cdce1bede5a99683acc48b4376eb568727f33a965dc","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:51.460Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:20:33.573000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Kremlin Tower Clock. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The use of Russian hardstones in creating precious objects became a hallmark of design from the House of Fabergé. Easily carved, these minerals were sourced largely from the western region surrounding the Ural Mountains. Fabergé's workmasters used colorful stones such as agate, nephrite (jade), lapis lazuli, rock crystal, and rhodonite, seen here in this elaborate table or mantel clock, to create all manner of luxurious accessories. Bright pink rhodonite was among the rarest, and consequently most expensive, specimens used by the House of Fabergé. This clock resembles the Taynitskaya Tower, the middle tower on the south side of the Kremlin. The House of Fabergé created this work to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, representing Fabergé's ability to balance the functionality of objects with intricate decorative design.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The Kremlin tower, which this clock resembles, has a secret well and an underground tunnel that leads to the Moscow River.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?-1966: India Early Minshall [1885–1965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1966-: The Cleveland Museum of Art","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Russia, St. Petersburg","en":"Russia, St. Petersburg"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.477","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"rhodonite, silver, enamel, emeralds, sapphires","en":"rhodonite, silver, enamel, emeralds, sapphires"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.477","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1913","en":"c. 1913"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.477","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)","en":"House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.477","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 29 x 14.6 cm (11 7/16 x 5 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 29 x 14.6 cm (11 7/16 x 5 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.477","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Kremlin Tower Clock","en":"Kremlin Tower Clock"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142773","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:51.460Z","recordSha256":"8c750f303bf4420809e89cdce1bede5a99683acc48b4376eb568727f33a965dc","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:142824","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":["type:basket"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Jam (Varenye) Basket","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.5","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142824","sourceSha256":"6e2b16936a3ae14ab4d262216abaa6fc13b5c784f7b0713bf7d378757fc901cd","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:17.049Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:20:44.013000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Jam (Varenye) Basket. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"A particularly Russian component of this tea service is this little basket, meant to hold fruit preserved in a sweet juice, called varenye. At Russian tea, varenye was strained and served over cakes or biscuits in a similar way that the English take jam with scones at high tea.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This jam (varenye) basket is part of a larger tea set.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1966: India Early Minshall [1885–1965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1966–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Russia, St. Petersburg","en":"Russia, St. Petersburg"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver gilt, opaque cloisonné enamel","en":"silver gilt, opaque cloisonné enamel"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1887–96","en":"1887–96"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Feodor Ivanovich Rückert (Russian, 1840–1917); House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)","en":"Feodor Ivanovich Rückert (Russian, 1840–1917); House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 6.1 x 11.8 cm (2 3/8 x 4 5/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 6.1 x 11.8 cm (2 3/8 x 4 5/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Jam (Varenye) Basket","en":"Jam (Varenye) Basket"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142824","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:17.049Z","recordSha256":"6e2b16936a3ae14ab4d262216abaa6fc13b5c784f7b0713bf7d378757fc901cd","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:142825","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":["type:basket"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Cake Basket","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.6","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142825","sourceSha256":"63d56c2e7a819793894477fd918fb65c62df6f5e94e7d413cdbfdc2456957454","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:21.022Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:20:46.437000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Cake Basket. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Fabergé’s craftsmen in Moscow, especially under the watchful eye of workmaster Feodor Rückert, became known for their work in the Pan-Slavic or Neo-Russian style, hearkening back to 17th-century motifs of Russian folk art. Often on rather conventional shapes, Rückert and his silversmiths created an explosion of color, achieved through the historic technique of cloisonné enamel in which tiny metal lines are soldered to the surface then filled with glass powders in various colors and fired to create a high gloss finish. The result is a spectacular evocation of the 17th-century originals. Far from mere copies, however, Rückert's designs, such as this tea service, employ naturalistic or abstract motifs in a thoroughly modern adaptation of a remarkable earlier period of Russian art and decoration.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This cake basket is part of a larger tea service.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1966: India Early Minshall [1885–1965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1966–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Russia, St. Petersburg","en":"Russia, St. Petersburg"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.6","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver gilt, opaque cloisonné enamel","en":"silver gilt, opaque cloisonné enamel"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.6","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1887–96","en":"1887–96"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.6","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Feodor Ivanovich Rückert (Russian, 1840–1917); House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)","en":"Feodor Ivanovich Rückert (Russian, 1840–1917); House of Fabergé (Russian, 1842–1918)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.6","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 7.7 x 22.4 x 17.5 cm (3 1/16 x 8 13/16 x 6 7/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 7.7 x 22.4 x 17.5 cm (3 1/16 x 8 13/16 x 6 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.500.6","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Cake Basket","en":"Cake Basket"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/142825","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:21.022Z","recordSha256":"63d56c2e7a819793894477fd918fb65c62df6f5e94e7d413cdbfdc2456957454","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:143175","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":["type:clock"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Clock","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.153","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/143175","sourceSha256":"8eb1856d3cfde876033b2516c82ccde0e82d11a76efb610fafedca9c16977c5d","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:52.813Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:21:28.548000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Clock. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Appointed cabinetmaker to King Louis XIV in 1672, André-Charles Boulle became a master of furniture making in France during the late 1600s until his death in 1732. Known primarily for his use of marquetry, in which metal patterns are inlaid into tortoiseshell then applied within the veneered surface of the furniture, Boulle established a level of quality and craftsmanship few others could achieve. As a result, his work found favor at the royal court and among other aristocrats and diplomats eager to impress the king. Often exhibiting stout architectural proportions with elegant groups of inlaid motifs, Boulle’s designs are an example of the intellectual fashion for contrasting ideas, materials, and motifs. With its relatively new scientific invention of a pendulum mechanism and the addition of a barometer, the mantel clock represented the wealth, prestige, and intellect of its owner.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The Latin phrase inscribed on this clock, Dirigit atque movet, can be translated as \"time constantly moves on.\"","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"(Blumka Gallery, New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, late 17th Century","en":"France, late 17th Century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.153","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"tortoise shell and brass inlay, gilt bronze","en":"tortoise shell and brass inlay, gilt bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.153","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1695","en":"c. 1695"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.153","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"André-Charles Boulle (French, 1642–1732); Balthazar Martinot II (French, 1636–1714)","en":"André-Charles Boulle (French, 1642–1732); Balthazar Martinot II (French, 1636–1714)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.153","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 113.7 cm (44 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 113.7 cm (44 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.153","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Clock","en":"Clock"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/143175","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:52.813Z","recordSha256":"8eb1856d3cfde876033b2516c82ccde0e82d11a76efb610fafedca9c16977c5d","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:144906","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":["type:candlestick"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, 19th century","en":"France, 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze","en":"bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Antoine-Louis Barye (French, 1796–1875)","en":"Antoine-Louis Barye (French, 1796–1875)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 32.6 cm (12 13/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 32.6 cm (12 13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Candlestick","en":"Candlestick"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/144906","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:43.873Z","recordSha256":"d5c5e36edf926d9227480b66d7810401d6d54cc88e654e640029643699923277","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:144907","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":["type:candlestick"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, 19th century","en":"France, 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze","en":"bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Antoine-Louis Barye (French, 1796–1875)","en":"Antoine-Louis Barye (French, 1796–1875)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 32.3 cm (12 11/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 32.3 cm (12 11/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.119.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Candlestick","en":"Candlestick"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/144907","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:45.217Z","recordSha256":"44611eed8c4facf499eaca2566449eeea404f1add93da6a7325f322298e6c695","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:146835","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":["type:knife"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ceremonial Knife","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.252","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/146835","sourceSha256":"f5f6cf144ae4c35156d1d3905c64718e30fc4baeae01aeb25e1f7261024ccd51","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:32.527Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:31:19.640000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Ceremonial Knife. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"The Qianlong Emperor\n?–1972: Elizabeth Bingham Blossom [1881–1970], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1972–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Qing dynasty (1644–1911)","en":"China, Qing dynasty (1644–1911)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.252","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"green jade, partly clarified","en":"green jade, partly clarified"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.252","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1700s","en":"1700s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.252","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 20.6 cm (8 1/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 20.6 cm (8 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.252","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Ceremonial Knife","en":"Ceremonial Knife"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/146835","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:32.527Z","recordSha256":"f5f6cf144ae4c35156d1d3905c64718e30fc4baeae01aeb25e1f7261024ccd51","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:147819","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":["type:candlestick"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pricket Candlestick","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.185","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/147819","sourceSha256":"9e084e309f7b393514d65390f27868c9457002b32c932c0c90c3ec67f2c72b9d","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:42.536Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:35:16.333000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Pricket Candlestick. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This object is an example of a type of metalwork known as \"dinanderie,\" produced in and around the town of Dinant on the River Meuse in the Belgian province of Namur. Late medieval Dinant specialized in the production of these finely cast and finished objects in brass alloy, supplying aquamanilia, candlesticks, patens, basins, baptismal fonts, and other altar furniture throughout the Meuse Valley and for export beyond.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Dr. and Mrs. Paul G. Ecker, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"South Netherlands, Valley of the Meuse, 16th century","en":"South Netherlands, Valley of the Meuse, 16th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.185","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"brass (hollow cast in three parts) and iron","en":"brass (hollow cast in three parts) and iron"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.185","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 1500s","en":"early 1500s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.185","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 45.5 x 19.6 cm (17 15/16 x 7 11/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 45.5 x 19.6 cm (17 15/16 x 7 11/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.185","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Pricket Candlestick","en":"Pricket Candlestick"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/147819","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:42.536Z","recordSha256":"9e084e309f7b393514d65390f27868c9457002b32c932c0c90c3ec67f2c72b9d","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:150063","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":["type:knife"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, 19th century","en":"France, 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.271","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze, golden brown patina","en":"bronze, golden brown patina"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.271","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.271","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Jules Pierre Moigniez (French, 1835–1894)","en":"Jules Pierre Moigniez (French, 1835–1894)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.271","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 34.6 cm (13 5/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 34.6 cm (13 5/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.271","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Paper Knife","en":"Paper Knife"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150063","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:34.477Z","recordSha256":"45e7bbb87a03b6c6a11128063ed95e68ad0a4bb4946f23910692370ccc9011a2","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:150488","canonicalId":"type:comb","relatedIds":["type:comb"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Lily of the Valley Comb","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.49","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150488","sourceSha256":"25bb57142affa8cf1d3e20f327326d2d2aaf402ab8eea61b59f11e64392dce42","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:23.707Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24 14:00:56.953000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Lily of the Valley Comb. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This comb was purchased by Cleveland native Jeptha Homer Wade II from Lalique after admiring the designer's work at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, probably for his wife Ellen Garretson Wade. Pearlescent horn forms the leaves of the lily of the valley, out of which the delicate, bell-shaped enamel flowers emerge.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Lalique valued the use of horn for its transparent qualities and natural color.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, early 20th Century","en":"France, early 20th Century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.49","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"horn, enamel and gold","en":"horn, enamel and gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.49","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1900","en":"c. 1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.49","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"René Lalique (French, 1860–1945)","en":"René Lalique (French, 1860–1945)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.49","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 15.4 x 9.4 x 3 cm (6 1/16 x 3 11/16 x 1 3/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 15.4 x 9.4 x 3 cm (6 1/16 x 3 11/16 x 1 3/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.49","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Lily of the Valley Comb","en":"Lily of the Valley Comb"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150488","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:23.707Z","recordSha256":"25bb57142affa8cf1d3e20f327326d2d2aaf402ab8eea61b59f11e64392dce42","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:150509","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":["type:table"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pier Table","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.65","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150509","sourceSha256":"c74231931904ef21ec5cb9953317b0a6b16b5aeb9f8045ebb19a3ff735eba903","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:47.400Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:46:04.512000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Pier Table. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Ornamental tables such as this marble-topped example were most often used in rooms on a narrow wall between two windows or just across from them on an opposite wall. Usually a gilded mirror hung above the table to create a single pier of glass, top to bottom, which reflected light around the room. This table’s bold use of carved and stenciled decoration, as well as expensive white marble, indicate that it was owned by a very wealthy family.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Ireland family, New York (?); R. Livingston Ireland, Cleveland.","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, New York","en":"America, New York"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.65","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mahogany; marble","en":"mahogany; marble"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.65","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1829–35","en":"c. 1829–35"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.65","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Joseph Meeks and Sons (American)","en":"Joseph Meeks and Sons (American)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.65","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 91.5 x 105.4 x 57.1 cm (36 x 41 1/2 x 22 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 91.5 x 105.4 x 57.1 cm (36 x 41 1/2 x 22 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.65","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Pier Table","en":"Pier Table"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150509","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:47.400Z","recordSha256":"c74231931904ef21ec5cb9953317b0a6b16b5aeb9f8045ebb19a3ff735eba903","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:150985","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":["type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Side Chair","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.4","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150985","sourceSha256":"3bbef6eaaed67f783c97d5840020dbe00c71088233b7356b00fc6cf2055b4f71","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:36.560Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:47:48.522000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Side Chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"During the 1890s a new style emerged that reflected naturalistic and symbolic motifs found in Japanese and other Asian design. This movement rejected the historicism that had dominated architecture and design during the previous decades and took hold across Europe and America too. In France the style was known as \"Art Nouveau,\" after the name of the gallery belonging to its chief proponent Siegfried Bing, the Maison de L'Art Nouveau (House of the New Art). This side chair typifies Art Nouveau style with its curving lines that seamlessly flow from one to another. This abstract use of curvilinear lines to create form and decoration was one of the major motifs favored by art nouveau designers to evoke naturalistic or organic design. Art Nouveau reached its apex at the 1900 world's fair in Paris, which was intended to herald the new century with a new style of art. However, critics and consumers alike soon rejected Art Nouveau as too sentimental in favor of newer motifs and styles as the moment passed. By 1905 it was all but forgotten.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This chair may have been designed by Parisian cabinetmaker Eugène Gaillard, who created a very similar design for the pavilion of Siegfried Bing at the 1900 world's fair in Paris.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"(Macklowe Gallery, Ltd., New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France, Paris","en":"France, Paris"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.4","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mahogany","en":"mahogany"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.4","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1900","en":"c. 1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.4","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 96.5 x 46.1 x 49.5 cm (38 x 18 1/8 x 19 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 96.5 x 46.1 x 49.5 cm (38 x 18 1/8 x 19 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.4","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Side Chair","en":"Side Chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/150985","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:36.560Z","recordSha256":"3bbef6eaaed67f783c97d5840020dbe00c71088233b7356b00fc6cf2055b4f71","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:151001","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":["type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Chair","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.5","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/151001","sourceSha256":"7b4eb7b42bfec6bb531cc959508bfd687b162085eedd5ad60e86f213d03f6029","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:33.866Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:47:52.249000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"In the 1870s, the furniture made by the Herter firm was influenced by Japanese style, as seen in the marquetry at the top of this chair. It closely resembles one that was supplied for use in the Red Room of the White House in the redecoration of 1882–83.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Private collection, Connecticut. (Lyndhurst Corporation, New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, New York","en":"America, New York"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"ebonized cherry and other woods","en":"ebonized cherry and other woods"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1880","en":"c. 1880"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Herter Brothers (American)","en":"Herter Brothers (American)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 84.5 x 40.7 x 46 cm (33 1/4 x 16 x 18 1/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 84.5 x 40.7 x 46 cm (33 1/4 x 16 x 18 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1982.5","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Chair","en":"Chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/151001","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:33.866Z","recordSha256":"7b4eb7b42bfec6bb531cc959508bfd687b162085eedd5ad60e86f213d03f6029","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:151452","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":["type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Prestige Chair","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1983.33","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/151452","sourceSha256":"9523c7b1da12c68d38698f2904932eeb2096058443463be5eab29e60ce3476a7","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:35.213Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-09 21:21:02.876000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Prestige Chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This stately chair attributed to the Babanki peoples of the Cameroon Grassfields features an unusual configuration of male and female figures. They are mounted on stylized leopards, animals revered as embodiments of power and royalty, which stand atop a base of three undulating rings bearing 24 heads. Chairs like this one serve as visual records that help mark kingships through the ages, conveying power and authority. The chair type was relatively common at the time; they were carved for sale to Europeans and local patrons, and also used as articles of royal gift exchange.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"A British soldier acquired this work in Cameroon during the First World War.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"c. 1914–1918: Wheeler B. Preston by field collection, German Cameroons during World War I\nby at least 1983: Mr. and Mrs. John (Mary) Preston, Concord, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1983-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, Central Africa, Cameroon, Babanki-style maker","en":"Africa, Central Africa, Cameroon, Babanki-style maker"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1983.33","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Wood and paint","en":"Wood and paint"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1983.33","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1983.33","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 80.7 x 53.3 x 44.5 cm (31 3/4 x 21 x 17 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 80.7 x 53.3 x 44.5 cm (31 3/4 x 21 x 17 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1983.33","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Prestige Chair","en":"Prestige Chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/151452","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:35.213Z","recordSha256":"9523c7b1da12c68d38698f2904932eeb2096058443463be5eab29e60ce3476a7","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:151966","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":["type:table"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Center Table","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.39","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/151966","sourceSha256":"f78a2b040b84f00322dc180bd6e8b7120986aed6491f0a0ebde2b883179d3c46","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:37.159Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:50:45.438000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Center Table. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Gustave Herter was born in Germany and came to America about 1848. This table can be identified as his work because of its close resemblance to a table supplied by Herter about 1860 to the Victoria Mansion in Portland, Maine. The pictorial marquetry of the top may have been imported from France and incorporated into this table, probably made in New York.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"(Richard McGeehan, New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, New York","en":"America, New York"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"rosewood with marquetry of various woods, brass inlay, and gilding","en":"rosewood with marquetry of various woods, brass inlay, and gilding"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c.1860","en":"c.1860"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Gustave Herter Firm (American)","en":"Gustave Herter Firm (American)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 74.9 x 143.2 x 90.8 cm (29 1/2 x 56 3/8 x 35 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 74.9 x 143.2 x 90.8 cm (29 1/2 x 56 3/8 x 35 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Center Table","en":"Center Table"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/151966","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:37.159Z","recordSha256":"f78a2b040b84f00322dc180bd6e8b7120986aed6491f0a0ebde2b883179d3c46","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:152787","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":["type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Side Chair","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.58","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/152787","sourceSha256":"69b3a5d732b675b027ae34c427b80ffa53cfa5922f1e6d8b884e671a1f6155a1","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:39.236Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:53:58.270000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Side Chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The middle section, or splat, of this chair back, with its Gothic pointed arches, may be related to the style invented by the English cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale. English chairs of this pattern are known, so the design probably originated there and was transmitted to this side of the Atlantic, perhaps by means of an imported example. This chair comes from a set made for Thomas and Elizabeth Edwards of Philadelphia, a furniture making center famous for its carved ornament. This chair features several finely and naturalistically carved details.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Thomas and Elizabeth Edwards, Philadelphia; Mr. and Mrs. Allan B. A. Bradley; (Israel Sack Inc., New York); Mr. and Mrs. Charles K. Davis, Fairfield, Connecticut; (John Walton, Jewett City, Connecticut, 1971); Mr. and Mrs. Abram Harpending, Rochester, New York (Sotheby's, New York, 1 February 1985, lot. 617); (Israel Sack, Inc., New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia","en":"America, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.58","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mahogany","en":"mahogany"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.58","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1770","en":"c. 1770"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.58","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 97 x 60 x 56.9 cm (38 3/16 x 23 5/8 x 22 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 97 x 60 x 56.9 cm (38 3/16 x 23 5/8 x 22 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.58","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Side Chair","en":"Side Chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/152787","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:39.236Z","recordSha256":"69b3a5d732b675b027ae34c427b80ffa53cfa5922f1e6d8b884e671a1f6155a1","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:153752","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":["type:table"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Center Table","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.53","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/153752","sourceSha256":"df2c3151346c1c0eddc0ae122b1459ffc8429753e112d318b633c10a3a03e996","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:44.697Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:56:54.810000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Center Table. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The general form of this table is based on 19th-century English pieces that are variously described as modern Gothic or Eastlakian. They tend to be rectilinear with incised ornament, and are often, as here, gilded. Combined with this form are decorative elements of Japanese derivation—the carved panel of the stretcher and the inlaid medallions on the frieze beneath the top. The elaborate marquetry, or inlay, of the top includes motifs of classical origin. The top was perhaps made in France and imported to America to be used on furniture made here.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Colonel Elverson, Philadelphia. Private collection, Pennsylvania. (Sotheby's, 13 September 1986, no. 131). (Margot Johnson, Inc., New York).","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, New York","en":"America, New York"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.53","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"rosewood inlaid with other woods and bone","en":"rosewood inlaid with other woods and bone"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.53","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1875","en":"c. 1875"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.53","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Herter Brothers (American)","en":"Herter Brothers (American)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.53","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 76.5 x 122 x 76.2 cm (30 1/8 x 48 1/16 x 30 in.)","en":"Overall: 76.5 x 122 x 76.2 cm (30 1/8 x 48 1/16 x 30 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.53","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Center Table","en":"Center Table"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/153752","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:44.697Z","recordSha256":"df2c3151346c1c0eddc0ae122b1459ffc8429753e112d318b633c10a3a03e996","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:154202","canonicalId":"type:shield","relatedIds":["type:shield"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shield","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.245","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154202","sourceSha256":"0b9aa5f4e9348d03001676342698efd7b08dcdb4aaf393349066218287d16e7a","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:06.332Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-03 14:21:44.563000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Shield. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"ca. 1900–?: collected about 1900 in the Bolenge region by Reverend Andrew F. Hensey\n?–1988: Mrs. Carl Lerch\n1988–: The Cleveland Museum of Art by gift","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, early 20th century","en":"Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, early 20th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.245","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Bamboo, wood, and plant fibers","en":"Bamboo, wood, and plant fibers"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.245","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1900","en":"c. 1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.245","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 134.6 cm (53 in.)","en":"Overall: 134.6 cm (53 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.245","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Shield","en":"Shield"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154202","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:06.332Z","recordSha256":"0b9aa5f4e9348d03001676342698efd7b08dcdb4aaf393349066218287d16e7a","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:154214","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":["type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Side Chair","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.32","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154214","sourceSha256":"842d3793bb3a434f396211345c1d2895d73515775fc3326441b05e87670af528","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:37.895Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 07:58:21.721000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Side Chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Chairs with their splats pierced with a decorative monogram are rare in eighteenth-century English furniture, and this chair is part of a unique American set. The initials \"R.M.L.\" are those of Robert (1718–1775) and Margaret Beekman (1724–1800) Livingston of Clemont, a house on the Hudson River north of New York City.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Robert (1718-1775) and Margaret Beekman (1724-1800) Livingston of Clermont; their daughter Catherine Livingston Garreston (1752-1849; her daughter Mary Rutherford Garreston (d. 1879); several generations of the Tillotson Wainwright family.","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, New York","en":"America, New York"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.32","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mahogany","en":"mahogany"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.32","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1760","en":"c. 1760"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.32","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 105.4 x 57.2 x 54.3 cm (41 1/2 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 105.4 x 57.2 x 54.3 cm (41 1/2 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1988.32","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Side Chair","en":"Side Chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154214","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:37.895Z","recordSha256":"842d3793bb3a434f396211345c1d2895d73515775fc3326441b05e87670af528","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:154534","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":["type:candlestick"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Candlestick","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.1","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154534","sourceSha256":"d0bb10f1e31c5dc84ae51d495735991827ed980c3c995d6ef677c1a082c5de7e","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:47.898Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-01 12:58:33.203000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Candlestick. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"The Earl of Perth (sale: Sotheby's London, 26 February 1954, lot 35); (Adolphe Lion, Paris); Severance and Greta Millikin, Cleveland, 1955.","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France","en":"France"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilt metal","en":"gilt metal"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1745–49","en":"1745–49"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 24.5 x 14.4 x 14.8 cm (9 5/8 x 5 11/16 x 5 13/16 in.); Average: 23.4 cm (9 3/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 24.5 x 14.4 x 14.8 cm (9 5/8 x 5 11/16 x 5 13/16 in.); Average: 23.4 cm (9 3/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.1","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Candlestick","en":"Candlestick"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154534","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:47.898Z","recordSha256":"d0bb10f1e31c5dc84ae51d495735991827ed980c3c995d6ef677c1a082c5de7e","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:154535","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":["type:candlestick"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Candlestick","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.2","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154535","sourceSha256":"f8735e3a80016be4fc12766218b06fab7f4cb7932a4788b0a106739610010124","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:46.564Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-01 12:58:33.210000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Candlestick. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"The Earl of Perth (sale: Sotheby's London, 26 February 1954, lot 35); (Adolphe Lion, Paris); Severance and Greta Millikin, Cleveland, 1955.","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France","en":"France"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilt metal","en":"gilt metal"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1745–49","en":"1745–49"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 24.8 x 14.6 x 14.2 cm (9 3/4 x 5 3/4 x 5 9/16 in.); Average: 23.7 cm (9 5/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 24.8 x 14.6 x 14.2 cm (9 3/4 x 5 3/4 x 5 9/16 in.); Average: 23.7 cm (9 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.168.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Candlestick","en":"Candlestick"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154535","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:46.564Z","recordSha256":"f8735e3a80016be4fc12766218b06fab7f4cb7932a4788b0a106739610010124","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:154710","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":["type:bell"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bell (Lai Zhong)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.3","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154710","sourceSha256":"05006a67215e60d817b4715ff523c857e29e2edbb067cdb710d98b5c51822a15","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:49.251Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-03 14:21:56.794000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Bell (Lai Zhong). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"In ancient China, music and ritual had political significance and were linked inseparably to the power of states. During the Zhou dynasty, bronze bells were made in sets of eight to sixty bells. This bell is the second largest from a set of eight. This bell bears an inscription of 118 characters about its owner, Lai, and why it was cast. Lai's ancestors dutifully served the Western Zhou royal court, and he was granted a hereditary position by the \"Son of Heaven\" (the ruler). To express filial piety, Lai commissioned a set of bells as an offering to his father, Gongshu, in the hope that they would be forever treasured by future generations. This important inscription also provides an early example of Chinese calligraphy highlighting the purely abstract lines and construction of characters.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The technical sophistication of the unusual lens-shaped cavity allowed the bell to produce two different tones.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?-1989: (Robert H. Ellsworth, Ltd., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1989-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Shaanxi province, Meixian, Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–771 BCE)","en":"China, Shaanxi province, Meixian, Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–771 BCE)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze","en":"bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 800–700 BCE","en":"c. 800–700 BCE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 70.3 x 37 x 26.6 cm (27 11/16 x 14 9/16 x 10 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 70.3 x 37 x 26.6 cm (27 11/16 x 14 9/16 x 10 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.3","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Bell (Lai Zhong)","en":"Bell (Lai Zhong)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/154710","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:49.251Z","recordSha256":"05006a67215e60d817b4715ff523c857e29e2edbb067cdb710d98b5c51822a15","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:156281","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":["type:bell"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bronze Ritual Bell","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.118","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/156281","sourceSha256":"12d46a8fcdbb80d11cf5a2938905d6bbfadd60f0498a0da07868b418e9df8e77","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:53.357Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-09 21:19:24.919000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Bronze Ritual Bell. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This miniature bell was once used as part of Buddhist indoor rituals. Likely suspended in a Buddhist temple, it features a cast dragon and a vertical tube to amplify the sound on top, and is decorated with Buddhist figures seated on lotuses. The echoing sound of the bell was thought to help Buddhist believers understand the significance of transience and impermanence; the sound instantly fades away as soon as one hears it. This sensory experience creates a striking conceptual parallel with Buddhist teachings, including the idea that all things and beings exist merely in our perception or imagination. An inscription indicates it was cast in the year of the dragon and took three years to make.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The inscription informs us that this miniature indoor bell was produced in 1226.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1978: Roger Chambard [1904–1982], Paris, France, to the Honorable Joseph P. Carroll and Roberta Carroll, MD\n1978–1992: The Honorable Joseph P. Carroll and Roberta Carroll, MD, New York, NY\n1992: (Joseph P. Carroll, Ltd., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1992–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)","en":"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.118","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"cast bronze with incised inscription","en":"cast bronze with incised inscription"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.118","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1226","en":"1226"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.118","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 14 cm (5 1/2 in.); Overall: 22.6 cm (8 7/8 in.)","en":"Diameter: 14 cm (5 1/2 in.); Overall: 22.6 cm (8 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.118","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Bronze Ritual Bell","en":"Bronze Ritual Bell"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/156281","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:53.357Z","recordSha256":"12d46a8fcdbb80d11cf5a2938905d6bbfadd60f0498a0da07868b418e9df8e77","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:156396","canonicalId":"type:shield","relatedIds":["type:shield"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shield","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.187","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/156396","sourceSha256":"8676b526cb7fc28028a02bd589ce998650cee03bc7d34d2b961260a8c256cf18","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:07.658Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:08:04.221000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Shield. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"ca. 1927–28: Purchased by Paul Travis\n1928–1992: Russell and Rowena Jelliffe\n1992–: The Cleveland Museum of Art by bequest","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Eastern Africa?, Uganda (?), early 20th century","en":"Eastern Africa?, Uganda (?), early 20th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.187","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Wood, paint, and cord","en":"Wood, paint, and cord"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.187","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 1900s","en":"early 1900s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.187","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 70.5 x 29.8 x 19.7 cm (27 3/4 x 11 3/4 x 7 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 70.5 x 29.8 x 19.7 cm (27 3/4 x 11 3/4 x 7 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.187","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Shield","en":"Shield"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/156396","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:07.658Z","recordSha256":"8676b526cb7fc28028a02bd589ce998650cee03bc7d34d2b961260a8c256cf18","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:156855","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":["type:clock"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Tall Clock","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/156855","sourceSha256":"cadbc74b367afdc2d8b0f4fb8560a2f6de5b8cf943a1e5706c741822d23a1dab","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:48.750Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:09:37.482000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Tall Clock. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"In 1879, Louis Comfort Tiffany joined several other artisans to create an interior decoration firm called Associated Artists. The firm was very influential in advocating a rejection of historical styles in favor of the new fashion from more eclectic sources of inspiration, including the Islamic world and Japan. One of Tiffany's partners, Lockwood De Forest, traveled extensively in India to find carved wood and other decorative accessories that could be used in their designs. This clock's design was one result of this collaboration. The heavily carved panels on the clock were likely purchased in India during this time and assembled with a clock mechanism from Tiffany's father's shop, Tiffany and Co., whose name appears on the clock face.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Associated Artists assembled this clock using imported carved wood panels from India. For an American owner, the motifs suggested decorative styles from faraway places.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, New York","en":"America, New York"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mahogany, teak with dial faces of gilded and patinated metal, glass","en":"mahogany, teak with dial faces of gilded and patinated metal, glass"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1880","en":"c. 1880"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Tiffany & Co. (America, New York, est. 1837)","en":"Tiffany & Co. (America, New York, est. 1837)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 247.3 x 66 x 36.5 cm (97 3/8 x 26 x 14 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 247.3 x 66 x 36.5 cm (97 3/8 x 26 x 14 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Tall Clock","en":"Tall Clock"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/156855","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:48.750Z","recordSha256":"cadbc74b367afdc2d8b0f4fb8560a2f6de5b8cf943a1e5706c741822d23a1dab","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:160211","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":["type:bell"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Buddhist Ritual Bell","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.123","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/160211","sourceSha256":"bfc151a0ef3a513ed55488993255a9c43fc2b72a276d43f8f366af78ccde47a4","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:54.720Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-09 21:19:25.411000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Buddhist Ritual Bell. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This Buddhist ritual bell is called the \"five-pronged\" bell due to the four prongs bending toward a central prong at the end of the handle. This shape is a vajra, or lightning bolt, a powerful and important symbol in esoteric Buddhism, which originated in India, spread across Asia, and was practiced in Korea.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Called a vajra in Sanskrit, this implement is used in Buddhist rituals meant to destroy ignorance.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1998: Mitsuru Tajima, Tokyo, Japan, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1998–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)","en":"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.123","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze; with incised designs","en":"bronze; with incised designs"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.123","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1300s","en":"1300s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.123","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 17.8 x 6.6 cm (7 x 2 5/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 17.8 x 6.6 cm (7 x 2 5/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.123","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Buddhist Ritual Bell","en":"Buddhist Ritual Bell"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/160211","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:54.720Z","recordSha256":"bfc151a0ef3a513ed55488993255a9c43fc2b72a276d43f8f366af78ccde47a4","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:160720","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":["type:bell"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bell with Diamond-Shaped Insignia","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.77.2","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/160720","sourceSha256":"64b765c8d5e588f1ecf2fa3d7ade82ca80bc7d64855362c44d5b47f9e48ceb76","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:56.106Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-09 21:22:00.937000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Bell with Diamond-Shaped Insignia. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"These rare, elegant bronze bells were made in a tribal village along the southern borders of China. They differ greatly from bells made in the central regions, which often come in large sets and in varying sizes, and feature complex decorative patterns. The distinctive shape of these bells resembles a tall helmet topped by a pair of horns. A rope may have been tied around the horns so that the bells could be suspended. Each bell is decorated with a diamond-shaped insignia—probably to mark tribal affiliation. Although the bells are identical in size, each produces a different tone, which indicates that their casting was a highly refined process.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This bell was struck from the exterior to produce musical tones.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1998: (Kaikodo America Inc., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1998–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, along the southern borders, Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BCE) to Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)","en":"China, along the southern borders, Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BCE) to Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.77.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze","en":"bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.77.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"300s–100s BCE","en":"300s–100s BCE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.77.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 24.1 cm (9 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 24.1 cm (9 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.77.2","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Bell with Diamond-Shaped Insignia","en":"Bell with Diamond-Shaped Insignia"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/160720","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:56.106Z","recordSha256":"64b765c8d5e588f1ecf2fa3d7ade82ca80bc7d64855362c44d5b47f9e48ceb76","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:161713","canonicalId":"type:comb","relatedIds":["type:comb"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Comb","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.74","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/161713","sourceSha256":"fbe5ab97ea2ffb2f9a219bc1c0283b1410e46011d3bc7878789626e4eb2ed7e3","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:27.755Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-03 14:23:48.382000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Comb. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Chandraketugarh, Northeastern India\n?-2000: (Peter Marks, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n2000-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"India, Bengal, Chandraketugarh area, Shunga period (185–78 BCE)","en":"India, Bengal, Chandraketugarh area, Shunga period (185–78 BCE)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.74","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"ivory","en":"ivory"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.74","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"200 BCE–100 CE","en":"200 BCE–100 CE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.74","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 5.1 x 7 cm (2 x 2 3/4 in.)","en":"Overall: 5.1 x 7 cm (2 x 2 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.74","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Comb","en":"Comb"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/161713","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:27.755Z","recordSha256":"fbe5ab97ea2ffb2f9a219bc1c0283b1410e46011d3bc7878789626e4eb2ed7e3","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:168181","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":["type:clock"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Cabinet Clock","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.77","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/168181","sourceSha256":"46f379b569bc5348ab1220908f7943ed0e2d6f0340af917a790e34a6e4498cb7","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:54.188Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-16 11:12:41.445000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Cabinet Clock. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"In the 1700s and early 1800s, luxurious objects such as jewelry, miniatures, snuff boxes, and vanity cases emphasized their owner’s refinement and wealth. Especially popular were small cases with clocks and moving mechanical devices that played a handful of musical tunes. James Cox, the London goldsmith responsible for this clock and case, was known for creating such tuneful surprises, although this work no longer contains such a mechanism. Its glittering surface disguises a system based on the labor and suffering of enslaved people, whether in gold and stone mines or in shops where these goods were made by indentured apprentices. Many of these timepieces were designed for export and sold to the Chinese emperor Ch'ien Lung (1711–1799) and his court in attempt to balance out the substantial amount of tea that Britain was importing at the time.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The doors of this miniature cabinet open to reveal two small drawers that held the winding keys for the clock above.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Private collection, New York\n-2009: Howard F. Stirn [1923-2016], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n2009-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"England, late 18th century","en":"England, late 18th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.77","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold, agate, enamel dial, glass","en":"gold, agate, enamel dial, glass"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.77","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1770–75","en":"c. 1770–75"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.77","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"James Cox (British)","en":"James Cox (British)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.77","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 16.5 x 8.9 cm (6 1/2 x 3 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 16.5 x 8.9 cm (6 1/2 x 3 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.77","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Cabinet Clock","en":"Cabinet Clock"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/168181","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:54.188Z","recordSha256":"46f379b569bc5348ab1220908f7943ed0e2d6f0340af917a790e34a6e4498cb7","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:168479","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":["type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace (amazipho)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2010.231","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/168479","sourceSha256":"d8ade1a92b070c40ce8560aff5d9e1ebe1461c28f85806c96d304694c2b7cb46","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:11.251Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:39:53.729000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Necklace (amazipho). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"When wild game was still plentiful in the region, real animal claws would have been used to punctuate beaded prestige necklaces. Lion-claw necklaces were the exclusive property of royalty while the bone imitations were owned and worn by high-ranking individuals of lesser status. Large red glass beads were also reserved for the Nguni elite in the period before the destruction of the Zulu kingdom in 1879.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Large red glass beads like the ones in this necklace were reserved for the Nguni elite.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Nelly Van den Abbeele, Brussels; Christie's, Paris, 2003; Axis Gallery, New York, 2003 to 2005","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, Southern Africa, South Africa, Southeast Cape Region, Northern Nguni (Zulu)-style maker","en":"Africa, Southern Africa, South Africa, Southeast Cape Region, Northern Nguni (Zulu)-style maker"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2010.231","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Glass beads, bone, and sinew","en":"Glass beads, bone, and sinew"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2010.231","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2010.231","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 38.1 cm (15 in.)","en":"Overall: 38.1 cm (15 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2010.231","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace (amazipho)","en":"Necklace (amazipho)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/168479","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:11.251Z","recordSha256":"d8ade1a92b070c40ce8560aff5d9e1ebe1461c28f85806c96d304694c2b7cb46","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:170210","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":["type:helmet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Cabacete (Helmet)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.39","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/170210","sourceSha256":"33bfa3ad1d571d4c22adf08fab8c1e1e4be80d201f1501eee43765402a636be3","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:56.924Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:44:45.688000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Cabacete (Helmet). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This tall open-face cabacete, alternately known as a \"kettle hat\" or \"war hat\" and ancestor of the later morion popular during the 1500s, would have been worn by an infantry soldier, not a mounted knight. The helmet has a conical point and a broad swooping brim, and its user may have worn a bevor, or separate chin piece, to protect his lower face and throat. He may also have worn a brigandine, or canvas doublet lined with metal plates, to protect his torso. Infantry troops were generally armed with hafted weapons such as a bill or halberd.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This helmet intentionally mimics in steel the shape of a brimmed hat and is unique to Spain.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"1956: William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951), San Francisco, CA\n?-2011: David Norton Yerkes (1911-2011), Washington, D.C., by inheritance to his daughter Catharine Y. Kulski\n2011-2012: Catharine Y. Kulski, Washington D.C., sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n2012-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Spain, late 15th century","en":"Spain, late 15th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"steel","en":"steel"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1480s–90s","en":"c. 1480s–90s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 27.3 x 26 x 36.5 cm (10 3/4 x 10 1/4 x 14 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 27.3 x 26 x 36.5 cm (10 3/4 x 10 1/4 x 14 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.39","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Cabacete (Helmet)","en":"Cabacete (Helmet)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/170210","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:56.924Z","recordSha256":"33bfa3ad1d571d4c22adf08fab8c1e1e4be80d201f1501eee43765402a636be3","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:171077","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":["type:helmet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Savoyard Helmet (Todenkopf)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.50","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/171077","sourceSha256":"564cee2d4fa324be442512118c9000f71ec37cc01f1797915b7e9b435e68d60a","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:58.262Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:47:41.786000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Savoyard Helmet (Todenkopf). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The term “Savoyard helmet” is used today to evoke the elite cavalry units formed by Charles Emanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1580-1630). Such helmets were designed principally to withstand and protect the wearer from shot from the powerful wheel-lock guns of the day, though their secondary function was to intimidate and terrify. The design of the helmet suggests a human face or skull. They were known as todenkopf or “death’s head” helmets in Germany. The helmet would have originally been associated with a three-quarter cuirassier armor. Similar armors are displayed nearby.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This type of helmet is also called a \"todenkopf,\" translating to \"death's head.\"","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Probably collection Baron Peuker, Berlin, sold at auction in Bruxelles: Le Roy, M. Henri (1854): Catalogue Illustre D'Armes Anciennes Européennes et Orientales... plate II, fig. 21\nCollection Bach, Paris\nCollection Rutherfurd Stuyvesant at Rutherford Hall, New York; published in The Collection of Arms and Armor of Rutherfurd Stuyesant, p. 26, plate XIII\nCollection Frank Andriana, Los Angeles; published in: Curtis, Howard M. (1977): 2,500 Years of European Helmets, p. 304.","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Italy or Germany, early 17th century","en":"Italy or Germany, early 17th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.50","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"steel, blackened","en":"steel, blackened"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.50","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1600–20","en":"c. 1600–20"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.50","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 30.5 cm (12 in.)","en":"Overall: 30.5 cm (12 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.50","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Savoyard Helmet (Todenkopf)","en":"Savoyard Helmet (Todenkopf)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/171077","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:58.262Z","recordSha256":"564cee2d4fa324be442512118c9000f71ec37cc01f1797915b7e9b435e68d60a","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:171267","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":["type:knife"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Paper Knife","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.99","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/171267","sourceSha256":"edd6b5699e74e1714f0f198f2ce373c91af34b972e4e149b3bb78bc10cddd74c","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:29.845Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:48:05.309000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Paper Knife. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"During the 1890s a new style emerged that reflected naturalistic and symbolic motifs found in Japanese and other Asian design. This movement rejected the historicism that had dominated architecture and design during the previous decades and took hold across Europe and America too. In France the style was known as \"Art Nouveau,\" after the name of the gallery belonging to its chief proponent Siegfried Bing, the Maison de L'Art Nouveau (House of the New Art). This paper knife by the American silver company George W. Shiebler & Co. typifies Art Nouveau style with its flowing lines enveloping a young woman, revered as the ideal natural beauty. The composition resolves into a pointed dagger, suggesting a tragic end to life itself. Art Nouveau reached its apex at the 1900 world's fair in Paris, which was intended to herald the new century with a new style of art. However, critics and consumers alike soon rejected Art Nouveau as too sentimental in favor of newer motifs and styles as the moment passed. By 1905 it was all but forgotten.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This expressive Art Nouveau paper knife, or letter opener, was sold by the Cleveland jeweler Cowell and Hubbard around 1900.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"retailed by Cowell & Hubbard Co., Cleveland, Ohio","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"America, late 19th-early 20th century","en":"America, late 19th-early 20th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.99","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver","en":"silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.99","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1900","en":"c. 1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.99","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"George W. Shiebler & Co. (American); Cowell and Hubbard Co. (American, Cleveland, 1879–1981)","en":"George W. Shiebler & Co. (American); Cowell and Hubbard Co. (American, Cleveland, 1879–1981)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.99","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 32.5 x 10.5 x 0.5 cm (12 13/16 x 4 1/8 x 3/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 32.5 x 10.5 x 0.5 cm (12 13/16 x 4 1/8 x 3/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2013.99","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Paper Knife","en":"Paper Knife"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/171267","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:29.845Z","recordSha256":"edd6b5699e74e1714f0f198f2ce373c91af34b972e4e149b3bb78bc10cddd74c","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:284355","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":["type:bell"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Five-pronged Vajra Bell (Gokorei)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.38","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/284355","sourceSha256":"933e3df301a8c395351ab8cd69ece17fac29bb60dd39ccd59444454e4a6448d9","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:57.460Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:51:43.357000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Five-pronged Vajra Bell (Gokorei). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The five prongs of this bell symbolize the Buddhist “Five Perfections”—generosity, morality, patience, perseverance, and concentration. The mouth of the bell symbolizes the “Sixth Perfection” of wisdom. The bell was used in Japanese Esoteric Buddhist rituals along with vajra pestles, or kongōsho.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Vajras are symbolic weapons, representing the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force), still used in Buddhist ceremonies today.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–2016: (Mika Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n2016–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH,","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Japan, Kamakura period (1185–1333)","en":"Japan, Kamakura period (1185–1333)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.38","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilt bronze","en":"gilt bronze"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.38","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 1300s","en":"early 1300s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.38","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"height: 16.7 cm (6 9/16 in.); Diameter: 7.5 cm (2 15/16 in.)","en":"height: 16.7 cm (6 9/16 in.); Diameter: 7.5 cm (2 15/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.38","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Five-pronged Vajra Bell (Gokorei)","en":"Five-pronged Vajra Bell (Gokorei)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/284355","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:57.460Z","recordSha256":"933e3df301a8c395351ab8cd69ece17fac29bb60dd39ccd59444454e4a6448d9","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:291887","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":["type:basket"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Cake Basket","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.302","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/291887","sourceSha256":"7f89a29577a1069f495afd0b87b57f451f7aed59b135ad5957a39eab9e40b606","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:19.673Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 08:52:24.293000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Cake Basket. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Drinking tea at the end of the day, accompanied by sweet cakes and savory delights, became an established ritual in Britain at all levels of society during the 1700s. In grand houses, silver teapots, caddies, and cake baskets elevated this afternoon refreshment to a formal gathering.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Sheaves of wheat adorning the rim of this basket allude to the flour used in pastries and cakes for tea.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"1753-?: (Samuel Herbert and Henry Bailey, London)\n1936-?: Sir Herbert Henry Merrett, by descent to his grandson, Richard Gridley\n?-2016: Mr. and Mrs. Richard and Ann Gridley, Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n2016-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Britain, London","en":"Britain, London"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.302","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Silver","en":"Silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.302","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1753","en":"1753"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.302","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Samuel Herbert and Company","en":"Samuel Herbert and Company"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.302","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"26.4 x 30.1 cm (10 3/8 x 11 7/8 in.)","en":"26.4 x 30.1 cm (10 3/8 x 11 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.302","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Cake Basket","en":"Cake Basket"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/291887","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:19.673Z","recordSha256":"7f89a29577a1069f495afd0b87b57f451f7aed59b135ad5957a39eab9e40b606","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:692273","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":["type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace (muriya or murriyya)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2025.155","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/692273","sourceSha256":"60878023db1d5848bd879777d993a9ca82b0c5a2d02db421b654e6acb536069a","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:12.597Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 09:18:19.409000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Necklace (muriya or murriyya). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This necklace is from is from the Ethiopian city of Harar, where it was worn only by Muslim women. It was part of the bridal trousseau. The spherical silver beads of this muriya necklace resemble Muslim prayer necklaces. Its warm yellow Baltic amber or Zanzibari copal simultaneously conveyed the wearer’s married status and her access to imported goods. Ornate filigree jewelry was historically made in Ethiopia for royals and nobility by specialized silversmiths trained through long apprenticeships. Customers were generally female, while silversmiths are always male.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Besides archaeological examples, the oldest known Ethiopian jewelry dates from the 1840s; damaged items were typically melted down to make new pieces or to use during times of hardship.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"–c. 2000: Unknown Ethiopian Vendor/Shop\nc. 2000–2025: Dr. Raymond Silverman\n2025: The Cleveland Museum of Art","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, East Africa, probably Harar, Ethiopia, unknown silversmith","en":"Africa, East Africa, probably Harar, Ethiopia, unknown silversmith"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2025.155","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilt silver, tree resin (possibly copal)","en":"gilt silver, tree resin (possibly copal)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2025.155","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"late 1800s or early 1900s","en":"late 1800s or early 1900s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/2025.155","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace (muriya or murriyya)","en":"Necklace (muriya or murriyya)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/692273","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:12.597Z","recordSha256":"60878023db1d5848bd879777d993a9ca82b0c5a2d02db421b654e6acb536069a","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:94894","canonicalId":"type:comb","relatedIds":["type:comb"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Comb (cisakulo)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.453","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/94894","sourceSha256":"1bf7790db4f9fd01dfea2c6f327c4aa29c1e97edcef408616914d88c6471bd60","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:25.066Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:03:38.200000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Comb (cisakulo). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Chokwe women and men inserted finely decorated combs and pins in their hair to signal rank and wealth. Here, as among neighboring peoples, hairstyles reflected changing trends across place and over time. This comb's wooden material and sculptural top made it of a higher value than simple examples made from metal or cane. Its wide teeth were practical, securing elements of a hairstyle in place. The long-beaked ngungu birds with beaded necklaces were a well-known symbol of chiefly power. In addition to being a sign of beauty and good health, a well-styled hairdo also suggests that the wearer relies on the help of others in its creation. Combs were often gifted to women by admirers or husbands to mark important life events. This comb entered the Cleveland Museum of Art's collection in 1915, one year before the museum opened its doors.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The double birds on this comb are the ngungu, a kind of hornbill linked to hunting and the related power of leaders. They were considered a good omen, and served as mediators between the earthly world and the spiritual one.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"by 1915: (F. M. Rapp, probably by field collection in Portuguese West Africa (Angola) or Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1915-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, Central Africa, Angola, or Democratic Republic of Congo, Chokwe-style","en":"Africa, Central Africa, Angola, or Democratic Republic of Congo, Chokwe-style"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.453","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Wood, glass beads, and natural fibers","en":"Wood, glass beads, and natural fibers"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.453","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"mid- to late 1800s","en":"mid- to late 1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.453","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 13.3 x 8 x 1.4 cm (5 1/4 x 3 1/8 x 9/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 13.3 x 8 x 1.4 cm (5 1/4 x 3 1/8 x 9/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.453","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Comb (cisakulo)","en":"Comb (cisakulo)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/94894","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:25.066Z","recordSha256":"1bf7790db4f9fd01dfea2c6f327c4aa29c1e97edcef408616914d88c6471bd60","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:95223","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":["type:ring"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ring with Hippocampus","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.101","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95223","sourceSha256":"f7a67331c9607e5774629348f6460a5393d852e19fc0cd5840eedec0e00ec90c","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:05.827Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:05:49.387000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Ring with Hippocampus. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This delicate gold ring is decorated with a tiny hippocampus, a creature from Greco-Roman mythology with the forequarters of a horse and the tail of a fish. Stylized waves bracket the hippocampus, crashing up against its tail and front hooves. The thin band of the ring is decorated with horizontal lines to the halfway point on both sides.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"In Greek and Roman art, water spirits or nereids are often depicted riding hippocampi.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Italy, Roman","en":"Italy, Roman"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.101","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold","en":"gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.101","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"100–200 CE","en":"100–200 CE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.101","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 2 cm (13/16 in.)","en":"Diameter: 2 cm (13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.101","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Ring with Hippocampus","en":"Ring with Hippocampus"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95223","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:05.827Z","recordSha256":"f7a67331c9607e5774629348f6460a5393d852e19fc0cd5840eedec0e00ec90c","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:95247","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":["type:knife"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Knife","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1022.a","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95247","sourceSha256":"6c2eed34102214ed2ef3e0245758afa2195f60a95bbc88ba7b472b11744674e3","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:35.816Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-03 14:04:33.383000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Knife. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Walter C. Hill, NY\nWalter C. Hill, NY","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, unknown maker","en":"Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, unknown maker"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1022.a","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Iron, wood, and copper alloy","en":"Iron, wood, and copper alloy"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1022.a","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1022.a","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 57.4 cm (22 5/8 in.); Blade: 24.2 cm (9 1/2 in.)","en":"Overall: 57.4 cm (22 5/8 in.); Blade: 24.2 cm (9 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1022.a","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Knife","en":"Knife"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95247","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:35.816Z","recordSha256":"6c2eed34102214ed2ef3e0245758afa2195f60a95bbc88ba7b472b11744674e3","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:95256","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":["type:ring"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Spiral Ring with Isis and Serapis","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.103","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95256","sourceSha256":"09207a97b0f0a470b5cda16e3a4d818d4cb63589bb85710049cb59ad9f4bfbe6","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:01.794Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:06:07.725000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Spiral Ring with Isis and Serapis. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This spiral gold ring is decorated with tiny busts on either terminal, representing the gods Isis and Serapis. Both gods are shown from the waist up, with wide shoulders and small heads that create a shape reminiscent of a cobra snake.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The two ends of this spiral ring terminate in humanlike protomes.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Greece or Italy, Rome (?)","en":"Greece or Italy, Rome (?)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.103","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold","en":"gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.103","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1–100 CE","en":"1–100 CE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.103","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 2 cm (13/16 in.)","en":"Diameter: 2 cm (13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.103","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Spiral Ring with Isis and Serapis","en":"Spiral Ring with Isis and Serapis"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95256","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:01.794Z","recordSha256":"09207a97b0f0a470b5cda16e3a4d818d4cb63589bb85710049cb59ad9f4bfbe6","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:95817","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":["type:helmet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Helmet","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1502","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95817","sourceSha256":"133bef7f1854d680d680770b4c65dc0e27231afba1fe18db2d6eb1fd27987177","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:55.549Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:09:11.786000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Helmet. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This helmet was developed for the joust, a sporting combat of arms between two mounted contestants. This example shows the asymmetry of jousting armor. The participants rode along a wall-like barrier known as a \"tilt\" with their left sides facing. Consequently, armor on that side of the body tended to be thicker. The breath holes in the helmet were placed on the right side (farthest from an opponent's lance) to avoid injuries from splinters. The popularity of jousts and tournaments peaked around 1500 and required armor and other sporting equipment adapted for the endlessly varied games. By the reign of Emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519), there were at least 11 different forms of mounted jousts, exclusive of the numerous ceremonial combats on foot using such weapons as swords, halberds, pikes, and throwing axes. Each blow in the contest, especially favored in Germany, was carefully numbered and prescribed by rules.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Jousting contestants wore armor and charged at each other full speed on horseback, attempting to dismount the other with a lance. Such equipment protected contestants from injury, much like the helmet worn by football players today.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Saxon Electoral Army, Dresden, Germany\n-1916: Frank Gair Macomber (1849-1941), Boston, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1916-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Germany, Saxony, 16th century","en":"Germany, Saxony, 16th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1502","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"steel","en":"steel"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1502","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1560–80","en":"c. 1560–80"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1502","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 34.5 x 32 x 22 cm (13 9/16 x 12 5/8 x 8 11/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 34.5 x 32 x 22 cm (13 9/16 x 12 5/8 x 8 11/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1502","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Helmet","en":"Helmet"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95817","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:55.549Z","recordSha256":"133bef7f1854d680d680770b4c65dc0e27231afba1fe18db2d6eb1fd27987177","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:95818","canonicalId":"type:shield","relatedIds":["type:shield"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Rondache (Round Shield)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1504","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95818","sourceSha256":"05809c0a8ab6eadc4b3312cdb596992a420c1160c3a2327643b4cd7a34786bfe","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:03.647Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:09:06.298000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Rondache (Round Shield). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Highly decorated circular shields like this one were a specialty of the city of Milan. This shield would have originally belonged to an armor that would have been decorated to match - with radiating etched bands of classical warriors and trophies.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The escutcheons, or small shields radiating around the center, contain scenes of mythical combat; during the Renaissance there was often a preoccupation with the antique world.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?-1916: Frank Gair Macomber (1849-1941), Boston, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1916-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Italy, Milan","en":"Italy, Milan"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1504","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"etched and gilded steel with brass rivets","en":"etched and gilded steel with brass rivets"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1504","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1570","en":"c. 1570"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1504","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 57.8 cm (22 3/4 in.)","en":"Diameter: 57.8 cm (22 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1504","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Rondache (Round Shield)","en":"Rondache (Round Shield)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/95818","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:03.647Z","recordSha256":"05809c0a8ab6eadc4b3312cdb596992a420c1160c3a2327643b4cd7a34786bfe","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:96053","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":["type:helmet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Close Helmet (from a funerary achievement?)","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1787","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96053","sourceSha256":"e85b32341bc30b84717467378e2f526d6b9b1c72e61f1eff310aa6d3e680563e","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:00.958Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:10:15.642000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Close Helmet (from a funerary achievement?). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This helmet was originally intended for field use. Later, it seems to have served a funerary purpose, probably as an ornament (known as a funerary achievement) suspended over the church tomb of an unidentified knight. As such, it would have been a rich and imposing symbol of the dead knight's social rank and personal authority.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This helmet was decorated with a technique known as fire-gilding, an incredibly toxic process involving mercury that produced a gold finish, now worn away.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?-1916: Frank Gair Macomber, Boston, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1916-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Holland (?), late 16th-early 17th Century","en":"Holland (?), late 16th-early 17th Century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1787","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gilded steel (invaded with rust); red velvet lining, plume holder","en":"gilded steel (invaded with rust); red velvet lining, plume holder"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1787","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c.1590–1625","en":"c.1590–1625"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1787","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 33 x 34 x 21.3 cm (13 x 13 3/8 x 8 3/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 33 x 34 x 21.3 cm (13 x 13 3/8 x 8 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1787","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Close Helmet (from a funerary achievement?)","en":"Close Helmet (from a funerary achievement?)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96053","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:00.958Z","recordSha256":"e85b32341bc30b84717467378e2f526d6b9b1c72e61f1eff310aa6d3e680563e","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:96109","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":["type:helmet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Close Helmet in Maximilian Style","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1855","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96109","sourceSha256":"7bd563095fd6c73e4ff5bd03ffb1786e3166c6045d6858bff8946008ffb466eb","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:59.610Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-17 11:19:43.197000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Close Helmet in Maximilian Style. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The regular fluting of this helmet is a style known as \"Maximilian,\" named after Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519). Besides being decorative the fluting is a strengthening device that works similar to corrugated metal. This decoration would have been costly as it was time consuming to produce and required precise work. It would have only been available to the wealthiest of clients.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Known as the \"Last Knight,\" Maximilian played a prominent role in this history of armor by building up the armament industry and fostering the modernization of the armorer's craft.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"Prince Christopher Nikolaus Radziwill I (Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł) (1549-1616), Niasviž, Belarus\n-1877: James Drummond Collection (1816-1877), Edinburgh, Scotland\n-1916: Frank Gair Macomber (1849-1941), Boston, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1916-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Germany","en":"Germany"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1855","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"steel and brass","en":"steel and brass"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1855","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1520","en":"c. 1520"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1855","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 30.5 x 21.8 x 32 cm (12 x 8 9/16 x 12 5/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 30.5 x 21.8 x 32 cm (12 x 8 9/16 x 12 5/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1855","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Close Helmet in Maximilian Style","en":"Close Helmet in Maximilian Style"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96109","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:59.610Z","recordSha256":"7bd563095fd6c73e4ff5bd03ffb1786e3166c6045d6858bff8946008ffb466eb","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:96590","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":["type:fan"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France","en":"France"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.332","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"wooden frame painted and lacquered","en":"wooden frame painted and lacquered"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.332","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1888","en":"c. 1888"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.332","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Radius: 21.1 cm (8 5/16 in.); Spread: 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.)","en":"Radius: 21.1 cm (8 5/16 in.); Spread: 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.332","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Fan","en":"Fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96590","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:14.354Z","recordSha256":"7861463084e7948fa199fc53c17e40ad3a909224725b9653caef0276adae1d48","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:96621","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":["type:fan"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France","en":"France"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.361","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"mother-of-pearl, painted paper(?), gold and silver leaf","en":"mother-of-pearl, painted paper(?), gold and silver leaf"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.361","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1750–60","en":"c. 1750–60"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.361","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Radius: 23.2 cm (9 1/8 in.); Spread: 45.8 cm (18 1/16 in.)","en":"Radius: 23.2 cm (9 1/8 in.); Spread: 45.8 cm (18 1/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.361","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Fan","en":"Fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96621","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:13.012Z","recordSha256":"50767b55e64650ea39312452b26c775376dcb4f35f036c379fd2eaa29fc58b78","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:96625","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":["type:fan"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"France(?)","en":"France(?)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.365","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bone, mother-of-pearl, ivory washer, silk ribbon, oil paint","en":"bone, mother-of-pearl, ivory washer, silk ribbon, oil paint"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.365","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.365","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Radius: 20 cm (7 7/8 in.); Spread: 38.5 cm (15 3/16 in.)","en":"Radius: 20 cm (7 7/8 in.); Spread: 38.5 cm (15 3/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.365","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Fan","en":"Fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/96625","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:15.698Z","recordSha256":"b3dabb5cf815614f66d260ab19951a9186fe29996143c2b48a89d1c385d213c9","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:97012","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":["type:ring"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Finger Ring with Frog","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.658","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97012","sourceSha256":"ee0ba684b949a91f11fba99055472ea44123779a4a40b5ab0aca568f6f000dc5","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:58.807Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:13:30.597000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Finger Ring with Frog. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"The shank or band of this ring is crescent-shaped and circular in section; its upper sections are covered with heavy gold wire. The oval bezel on a swivel, the metal that holds the stone, takes the form of a scaraboid, or seal amulet in the shape of a scarab. Its sides are encircled by a double row of granules and are surmounted by a delicately molded frog in the round. The underside is incised with a nefer-sign to the right and a wedjat-eye.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"An exact duplicate of this ring, apart from the inscription, is in the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"-1916: Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wade (1857–1926 and 1857–1917), gifted to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1916-: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Egypt, New Kingdom (1540–1069 BCE), Dynasty 18, reign of Akhenaten (1351–1334 BCE)","en":"Egypt, New Kingdom (1540–1069 BCE), Dynasty 18, reign of Akhenaten (1351–1334 BCE)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.658","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"gold","en":"gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.658","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1353–1337 BCE","en":"c. 1353–1337 BCE"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.658","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 2.3 cm (7/8 in.); Overall: 1.3 cm (1/2 in.)","en":"Diameter: 2.3 cm (7/8 in.); Overall: 1.3 cm (1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.658","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Finger Ring with Frog","en":"Finger Ring with Frog"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97012","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:58.807Z","recordSha256":"ee0ba684b949a91f11fba99055472ea44123779a4a40b5ab0aca568f6f000dc5","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:97095","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":["type:knife"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Knife","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.743","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97095","sourceSha256":"17ec60c165b9e4ec3bac3c43e897fe60b8c9e9a7d6d510a74509588392174d52","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:28.480Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:13:54.885000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Knife. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"This beautifully wrought knife served as a symbol of political authority among the Ngala. Quite literally it signified the power of life and death for its form was derived from that of an executioner's knife.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"Different metals used on this knife result in a variety of colors.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1916: Jeptha Homer Wade\n1916–: The Cleveland Museum of Art by gift","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Bangala-style maker","en":"Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Bangala-style maker"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.743","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Iron, wood, copper alloy, upholstery studs, plant fibers, and rawhide","en":"Iron, wood, copper alloy, upholstery studs, plant fibers, and rawhide"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.743","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1900","en":"c. 1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.743","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 57.2 cm (22 1/2 in.); Blade: 41.4 cm (16 5/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 57.2 cm (22 1/2 in.); Blade: 41.4 cm (16 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.743","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Knife","en":"Knife"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97095","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:47:28.480Z","recordSha256":"17ec60c165b9e4ec3bac3c43e897fe60b8c9e9a7d6d510a74509588392174d52","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:97471","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":["type:ring"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ring","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.1042","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97471","sourceSha256":"0f3a17055b527fc23cc94ef907b49b34ec10fe137b23a53c911c9c3b438590c4","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:03.144Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:15:14.910000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Ring. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Both everyday objects and ornaments such as this ring were standard burial goods for the period. Furnishing tombs with an elaborate assemblage of objects was believed to honor and comfort the newly dead. Generally, Goryeo tombs were left untouched until the late 19th century. During the colonial period (1910–45), however, Japanese archaeologists aggressively excavated the tombs located in Kaeseong, the former capital of the Goryeo period. It's highly possible this bronze ring came from one of those excavated tomb sites.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"The Japanese antique dealer Yamanaka & Company, which opened its branches in New York (1895) and Boston (1899), sold small Korean archaeological materials such as this bronze ring to American collectors in the early 20th century.","sourceField":"did_you_know"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)","en":"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918–1392)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.1042","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"bronze gilt","en":"bronze gilt"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.1042","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"918–1392","en":"918–1392"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.1042","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Outer diameter: 1.9 cm (3/4 in.)","en":"Outer diameter: 1.9 cm (3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.1042","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Ring","en":"Ring"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97471","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:03.144Z","recordSha256":"0f3a17055b527fc23cc94ef907b49b34ec10fe137b23a53c911c9c3b438590c4","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:97926","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":["type:basket"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Gift Basket","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.521","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97926","sourceSha256":"a625966cfd0e6154121a9228486bfd45499fabb874959f806db3963416a0f045","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:39.844Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:16:50.480000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Gift Basket. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"These baskets were probably created to be sold to non-Indian collectors and tourists. The feathered basket, however, is based on an older type that was given as a treasured gift on various occasions, including ceremonies that marked the stages of life (birth, puberty, marriage, and so forth).","sourceField":"description"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"California, Pomo, Lytton Springs, Alexander Valley, late 19th-early 20th century","en":"California, Pomo, Lytton Springs, Alexander Valley, late 19th-early 20th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.521","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Bulrush, Sedge; Coiled (3 rods)","en":"Bulrush, Sedge; Coiled (3 rods)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.521","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1895","en":"1895"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.521","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 5 x 11.6 cm (1 15/16 x 4 9/16 in.)","en":"Diameter: 5 x 11.6 cm (1 15/16 x 4 9/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.521","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Gift Basket","en":"Gift Basket"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97926","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:39.844Z","recordSha256":"a625966cfd0e6154121a9228486bfd45499fabb874959f806db3963416a0f045","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:97928","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":["type:basket"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Gift Basket","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.523","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97928","sourceSha256":"e08b3f40e153d3c8e9024fb74e19b559007b662c45ad326cf8c0da74917e0b20","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:22.366Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:16:51.740000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Gift Basket. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"Although this basket probably was not made for native use, the feathered basket is based on an older type that was exchanged among natives as a treasured gift on such occasions as ceremonies that marked the stages of life. The feathers and shell beads are symbols of prestige and wealth.","sourceField":"description"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"California, Pomo, late 19th- early 20th century","en":"California, Pomo, late 19th- early 20th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.523","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Bulrush, Sedge with Mallard and Meadowlark Feathers, and clam shells; Coiled (3 rods)","en":"Bulrush, Sedge with Mallard and Meadowlark Feathers, and clam shells; Coiled (3 rods)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.523","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"c. 1895","en":"c. 1895"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.523","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 12.1 x 4.5 cm (4 3/4 x 1 3/4 in.)","en":"Diameter: 12.1 x 4.5 cm (4 3/4 x 1 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.523","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Gift Basket","en":"Gift Basket"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/97928","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:22.366Z","recordSha256":"e08b3f40e153d3c8e9024fb74e19b559007b662c45ad326cf8c0da74917e0b20","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:98887","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":["type:fan"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Wedding Fan","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.558","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/98887","sourceSha256":"da1953a5e014b1fcc7a201fe8d7c5c046406e938f899b716de8025347e319ffd","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:09.001Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:20:35.835000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Wedding Fan. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"In the Joseon period, women between the ages of 14 and 20 were matched with a husband through an arranged marriage. Even during the marriage ceremony, a bride was supposed to veil her face with this type of embroidered fan as a gesture of chastity. The fan’s body is made of paper and silk trimmed with a gilded metal rim. On the front, four cranes—one pair in blue, the other in yellow—are stitched along with auspicious clouds. The back is adorned with dragons flying amid clouds. The metal band vertically running down the center is incised with a bat, a symbol of wealth.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This fan was not to cool oneself, but rather to veil a bride's face during a wedding ceremony as a gesture of chastity.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1918: (Langdon Warner [1881–1955] sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1918–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Korea, Joseon dynasty (1392–1910)","en":"Korea, Joseon dynasty (1392–1910)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.558","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Copper alloy; satin weave silk; silk and metal thread embroidery; and paper","en":"Copper alloy; satin weave silk; silk and metal thread embroidery; and paper"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.558","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"mid-1800s","en":"mid-1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.558","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 25.6 cm (10 1/16 in.)","en":"Diameter: 25.6 cm (10 1/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.558","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Wedding Fan","en":"Wedding Fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/98887","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:09.001Z","recordSha256":"da1953a5e014b1fcc7a201fe8d7c5c046406e938f899b716de8025347e319ffd","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:98888","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":["type:fan"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Embroidered Fan for Wedding Ceremony","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.559","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/98888","sourceSha256":"9a0315f1422589dc8c94de0b7e731ed7802858033a4af79140e260dcdf48a76d","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:10.337Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29 05:20:36.411000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Embroidered Fan for Wedding Ceremony. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"About this object","text":"In the Joseon period, women between the ages of 14 and 20 were matched with a husband through an arranged marriage. Even during the marriage ceremony, a bride was supposed to veil her face with this type of embroidered fan as a gesture of chastity. The fan’s body is made of paper and silk trimmed with a gilded metal rim. On the front, four cranes—one pair in blue, the other in yellow—are stitched along with auspicious clouds. The back is adorned with cranes flying amid clouds and blossoms of peonies.","sourceField":"description"},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Look closer","text":"This fan was not to cool oneself, but rather to veil a bride's face during a wedding ceremony as a gesture of chastity.","sourceField":"did_you_know"},{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"?–1918: (Langdon Warner [1881–1955] sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)\n1918–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"Korea, Joseon dynasty (1392–1910)","en":"Korea, Joseon dynasty (1392–1910)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Circular fan; copper alloy, silk, metal thread, and paper","en":"Circular fan; copper alloy, silk, metal thread, and paper"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1850–1918","en":"1850–1918"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Diameter: 29.9 cm (11 3/4 in.)","en":"Diameter: 29.9 cm (11 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Embroidered Fan for Wedding Ceremony","en":"Embroidered Fan for Wedding Ceremony"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/98888","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:10.337Z","recordSha256":"9a0315f1422589dc8c94de0b7e731ed7802858033a4af79140e260dcdf48a76d","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"cleveland:99266","canonicalId":"type:shoe","relatedIds":["type:shoe"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shoe","url":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.828","sourceUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/99266","sourceSha256":"2e6f87a5a222a4f04bbf5a7d24a05d6cd5e90bc86874d10cd947e2dde6187d8f","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:30.445Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-19 12:14:13.702000","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"The Cleveland Museum of Art — Shoe. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"history","heading":"Documented collection history","text":"said to have been the shoe of the Princess Darling\n?–1918: Mrs. Charles William [Mabel Breckenridge] Wason [c. 1872–1958], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art\n1918–: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH","sourceField":"provenance"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"China, Qing dynasty (1644–1911)","en":"China, Qing dynasty (1644–1911)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.828","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"embroidery, silk","en":"embroidery, silk"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.828","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1800s","en":"1800s"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.828","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 9 x 5.5 x 13 cm (3 9/16 x 2 3/16 x 5 1/8 in.)","en":"Overall: 9 x 5.5 x 13 cm (3 9/16 x 2 3/16 x 5 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.828","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"museum-object","title":{"fr":"Shoe","en":"Shoe"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"The Cleveland Museum of Art","apiUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/api/artworks/99266","rightsUrl":"https://openaccess-api.clevelandart.org/","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:48:30.445Z","recordSha256":"2e6f87a5a222a4f04bbf5a7d24a05d6cd5e90bc86874d10cd947e2dde6187d8f","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:1204","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:1204","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Indian peafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowl","revisionId":1368489236,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-09T09:27:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368489236","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian%20peafowl&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Indian peafowl","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), also known as the common peafowl, or blue peafowl, is a species of peafowl native to the Indian subcontinent. While it originated in the Indian subcontinent, it has since been introduced to many other parts of the world. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl are referred to as peahens, although both sexes are often referred to colloquially as a \"peacock\".\n\nThe Indian peafowl displays a marked form of sexual dimorphism. The brightly coloured male has a blue coloured head with a fan-shaped crest and is best known for his long train. The train is made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers with colourful eyespots."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The Indian peafowl is a resident breeder in the Indian subcontinent and is found across most of India and Sri Lanka. In India, it is found across the country from the Indus valley in the north-west to Assam in the north-east, and from Himalayas in the north to the southern tip, except for the marshlands of Sunderbans in East India. In India, it is found up to elevations of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) in the north and upto 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in the mountains of the south. In Sri Lanka, it largely inhabits the drier lowland areas. It is generally found in forests, small hills, and bushy areas near water sources."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"The Indian peafowl forages on the ground in small groups, known as musters, that usually have a single peacock and three to five peahens. After the breeding season, the flocks tend to be made up only of females and young. It is found in the open early in the mornings and tends to rest under cover during the heat of the day. It is often sighted dust-bathing at dusk. It roosts on tall trees at night, but may sometimes make use of rocks or buildings. Birds usually arrive at their roosting sites during the dusk and call frequently before taking their positions. Despite its size, the Indian peafowl is capable of flight."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"The Indian peafowl is found lazily feeding in the open early in the mornings, and might move to cultivated lands to feed during the mornings and the evenings. The groups often walk in single file to the nearby waterholes for a drink. The birds often congregate near human habitats and might be fed by humans. It is omnivorous and feeds on grass, seeds, flowerbuds, fruits, insects, and small reptiles. Around human settlements, it feeds on food scraps and even human excreta. Crops in its diet include peanut, tomato, paddy, chili pepper and bananas. In the Gir forest, its diet contains a large proportion of Zizyphus berries."}]},"fr":{"title":"Paon bleu","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paon_bleu","revisionId":239421522,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-12T04:30:01Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239421522","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paon%20bleu&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Paon bleu","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Paon bleu (Pavo cristatus) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Phasianidés.\n\nSon cri strident et la longue queue au plumage ocellé qui permet au mâle de « faire la roue », de même que les nuances métalliques — bleu paon — arborées par celui-ci, expliquent la notoriété de cet oiseau de grande taille. L'espèce est originaire des forêts d'Asie, plus principalement d'Inde, du Pakistan, du Bangladesh et du Sri Lanka, mais on l'élève un peu partout dans le monde comme animal domestique depuis l'Antiquité."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition et habitat","text":"Le Paon bleu vit au Pakistan à l’est du fleuve Indus, en Inde, au Sri Lanka et au Bangladesh d’où il a peut-être maintenant disparu. De petites populations introduites existent aux États-Unis (sud-est de la Californie), aux îles Hawaï (Maui, Niihau, Oahu, Hawaï), aux Bahamas (Little Exuma), en Afrique du Sud (Robben Island), en Nouvelle-Zélande (île du Nord) et en Australie (îles du détroit de Bass).\n\nDans son milieu naturel, de manière générale, le Paon bleu est inféodé aux forêts caduques ouvertes, sèches ou humides et à proximité des cours d’eau."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"L’ensemble des données montre que le régime alimentaire est omnivore. Il se compose de grains (sauvages et cultivés), de graines d’herbes, de particules d’herbes tendres, de feuilles, de pétales de fleurs avec une préférence pour les baies et les drupes de Carissa, Lantana, Zizyphus et les figues sauvages (Ficus). Les champs cultivés, en jachère ou en friche sont aussi visités. La nourriture animale comporte toutes sortes d’insectes et de leurs larves, des petits lézards, des grenouilles, des micro-mammifères et même des serpents."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement non social","text":"Comme la majorité des Phasianidés et malgré sa taille imposante, le paon peut voler, mais c'est de préférence un animal terrestre qui marche, grimpe et court plutôt que de prendre son vol. Les femelles et les jeunes sont prompts à l’envol, parcourant la forêt d’un bout à l’autre, alors que les mâles volent beaucoup moins.\n\nLe Paon bleu est le plus actif entre 9 h et 11 h et entre 17 h et 18 h quand la lumière est suffisante, et la chaleur pas trop forte. Le paon est un animal diurne. Il est vulnérable à l'éclairage artificiel nocturne, comme l'a montrée une étude de 2015."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Paon bleu","en":"Indian peafowl"},"scientificName":"Pavo cristatus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Pavo cristatus","inaturalistId":1204,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61865"},"entityId":"Q61865"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:124145","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:124145","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Xylocopa violacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylocopa_violacea","revisionId":1351009164,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-04-25T11:45:09Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351009164","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocopa%20violacea&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Xylocopa violacea","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Xylocopa violacea, the violet carpenter bee, is the common European species of carpenter bee, and one of the largest bees in Europe. It is also native to Asia.\n\nLike most members of the genus Xylocopa, it makes its nests in dead wood. It is not particularly aggressive, and will attack only if forced to."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution","text":"The range of Xylocopa violacea extends from Europe eastward across Asia as far as central China, restricted to latitudes above 30 degrees.\n\nIn 2006, Xylocopa violacea was reported from Cardigan, Wales. In 2007, it was found breeding for the first time in England, in Leicestershire. This follows a northwards expansion of its range in France, Germany, and the Channel Islands. In 2010 it was recorded in Northamptonshire and Worcestershire.\n\nIn India, any all-black species of Xylocopa are referred to by the common name \"bhanvra\" (or \"bhomora\" – ভোমোৰা – in Assamese), and reports and sightings of bhanvra are commonly misattributed to this species."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Violet carpenter bees hibernate over winter and they emerge in the spring, usually around April or May. Hibernation is undertaken by the adults in wood where there are abandoned nest tunnels. In the late spring or early summer, they may be seen around searching for mates and suitable nesting sites. After mating, the gravid females bore tunnels in dead wood, which is where the name \"carpenter bee\" comes from, although old nest tunnels may be used.\n\nLike other solitary bees, the female creates the nest alone. The eggs are laid within a series of small cells, each of which is supplied with a pollen ball for the larvae to feed upon."}]},"fr":{"title":"Xylocopa violacea","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylocopa_violacea","revisionId":236207275,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-14T12:55:48Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236207275","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocopa%20violacea&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Xylocopa violacea","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le xylocope violet (Xylocopa violacea) est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères de la famille des Apidae. Il s'agit en Europe d'une espèce commune d'abeille charpentière et une des plus grandes espèces d'abeilles.\n\nLe terme Xylocopa dérive du grec ancien xylokópos (ξυλοκὀπος), signifiant « coupeur de bois ». Ce nom est composé de xýlon (« bois ») et kóptein (« couper »), faisant référence au comportement de nidification de ces hyménoptères, qui creusent des galeries dans le bois mort ou le bambou pour y déposer leurs œufs.\n\nIl porte différents noms vernaculaires : abeille perce-bois, abeille xylocope, abeille charpentière, xylocope violacé, xylocope ronge-bois."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Les adultes, massifs, mesurent jusqu'à trois centimètres et cinq centimètres d'envergure. Le corps, entièrement noir, avec des reflets bleu métallique, est couvert de poils. Les ailes membraneuses sont translucides mais foncées, leur couleur allant du brun-cramoisi au violet. Le mâle se reconnaît par la présence de deux articles orange à roses près de l'extrémité des antennes.\n\nLa grande taille, la couleur sombre et le bourdonnement très sonore lors du vol peuvent faire confondre cette abeille avec un bourdon, dont elle se distingue par ses reflets métalliques qui peuvent la faire passer pour un coléoptère."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition géographique","text":"Une carte de la répartition géographique (France, Luxembourg, Belgique, 2007) est visible page 475 du document. Une autre carte de répartition est visible sur le site Atlas des hyménoptères."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Xylocope violet","en":"Violet carpenter bee"},"scientificName":"Xylocopa violacea","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Xylocopa violacea","inaturalistId":124145,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581995"},"entityId":"Q581995"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:13094","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:13094","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"European robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_robin","revisionId":1377672766,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-30T13:43:44Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377672766","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European%20robin&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — European robin","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The European robin (Erithacus rubecula), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in the British Isles, is a small insectivorous passerine bird belonging to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is found across Europe, as far east as Western Siberia, and as far south as North Africa. It is sedentary in the west and south of its range, and migratory in the north and east of its range where winters are harsher.\n\nIt is 12.5–14.0 cm (4.9–5.5 in) in length. The male and female are identical in plumage, with an orange-toned red breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly. Juveniles are distinct, being freckled brown all over and lacking the red breast."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The robin is found in Eurasia, from Western Siberia in the east to Algeria in the south, and on Atlantic islands as far west as the Central Group of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, its range extends to Iran and the Caucasus mountain range. Irish and British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually females, migrate to southern Europe during the winter, with some going as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyish tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"The robin is diurnal, although it has been reported to hunt insects on moonlit nights or near artificial light. Well known to British and Irish gardeners, the robin is relatively unafraid of people and is drawn to human activities involving digging, such as gardening, in order to look for earthworms and other food that has been freshly turned up. The British and Irish considered robins to be a gardener's friend and would never harm them, partly due to the traditional association of the red colouring of their breasts with the blood of Christ. In continental Europe, however, robins were hunted and killed as were most other small birds. Consequently, they are more wary."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Conservation status","text":"The European robin has an extensive range and a population numbering in the hundreds of millions. The species does not approach the vulnerable thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30 per cent decline over ten years or three generations); the population appears to be increasing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature evaluates it as least concern."}]},"fr":{"title":"Rouge-gorge familier","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge-gorge_familier","revisionId":239724950,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-22T12:57:54Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239724950","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rouge-gorge%20familier&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Rouge-gorge familier","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Rouge-gorge familier (Erithacus rubecula) est une espèce de passereaux. Auparavant placé dans la famille des Turdidae, il figure actuellement, avec d'autres représentants de celle-ci (particulièrement les tariers et les traquets), dans celle des Muscicapidae. La liste de la Commission de l'Avifaune française utilise l'orthographe rougegorge."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement","text":"Le rouge-gorge se nourrit dans les campagnes ouvertes et dans les sous-bois. Son régime alimentaire est composé surtout des invertébrés vivant par terre (insectes, notamment des coléoptères, escargots, vers, araignées). De l'automne au début du printemps, il consomme aussi beaucoup de baies et autres petits fruits. Sa technique de chasse est bien adaptée au mélange de végétation épaisse et d'espaces libres que l'on trouve dans les jardins et les sous-bois. Perché à faible hauteur, l'oiseau observe les environs, descend, saisit sa proie et se perche à nouveau. Ou bien il sautille, s'arrêtant ici et là pour chercher une victime."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition et habitat","text":"Le Rouge-gorge familier est présent sur une grande partie du continent eurasien ainsi qu'en Afrique du Nord et Amérique du Nord. Il est totalement absent de l'Océanie.\n\nSelon Birdlife International, au début des années 2020, il y aurait entre 130 et 201 millions d'individus matures."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Actions de protection","text":"Adepte des mangeoires, où il se régale tout particulièrement des vers de farine, le rouge-gorge se nourrit également de petites graines, de noix, d'avoine, de pudding pour oiseaux, etc. Le rouge-gorge adore la margarine. Il accepte la graisse, de préference végétale, les débris de viande et de pomme de terre. Certains rouges-gorges mangent les cacahuètes placées dans un filet. Asocial, il ne partage les mangeoires avec les autres rouges-gorges qu'en période de disette."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Rougegorge familier","en":"European robin"},"scientificName":"Erithacus rubecula","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Erithacus rubecula","inaturalistId":13094,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25334"},"entityId":"Q25334"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:144849","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:144849","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Eurasian blue tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_blue_tit","revisionId":1379211955,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T16:18:38Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379211955","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian%20blue%20tit&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Eurasian blue tit","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognised by its blue and yellow plumage and small size.\n\nThe Eurasian blue tit is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and parts of western Asia. It inhabits deciduous or mixed woodlands, often with a high proportion of oak, and it is usually non-migratory. They typically nest in tree holes but readily adapt to using nest boxes when necessary. Their main rivals for nests and in the search for food are the larger, somewhat more common great tits (Parus major).\n\nThe Eurasian blue tit's diet consists mainly of insects and spiders."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The Eurasian blue tit and its hybrids are considered native species in areas of the European continent with mainly temperate or Mediterranean climates, as well as in parts of the Middle East. These areas include Ireland, the United Kingdom and most of the European Union and EFTA (except Malta, where they are considered vagrants, and Iceland, where they are absent), plus Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Syria, Turkey, Vatican City and Ukraine."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"Eurasian blue tits and great tits form mixed winter flocks and the former are perhaps better at balancing on slender twigs. A Eurasian blue tit often ascends a tree trunk in short, jerky hops, reminiscent of a treecreeper. The bird usually roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in harsh winters it will roost wherever it can find a suitable small hole, whether in a tree or a nesting box. They are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.\n\nIt is a common and popular European garden bird, due to its perky acrobatic performances when visiting bird feeders. It swings beneath the feeder, calling \"tee, tee, tee\" or a scolding \"churr\"."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Food and feeding","text":"The Eurasian blue tit's diet consists mainly of insects, spiders and other small invertebrates, but it will also eat fruits and seeds outside of the breeding season. Animal items taken include springtails (Collembola), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), damselflies (Odonata), earwigs (Dermaptera), moths (Lepidoptera) and lacewings (Neuroptera). It often takes items while hanging upside-down. While foraging, it probes into opening buds and peels bark from hazel trees (Corylus). It rarely hovers and only very occasionally forages on the ground."}]},"fr":{"title":"Mésange bleue","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sange_bleue","revisionId":240100990,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T14:45:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240100990","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9sange%20bleue&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Mésange bleue","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La Mésange bleue (Cyanistes caeruleus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des paridés.\n\nCette mésange commune est facilement identifiable grâce à sa petite taille, ses fines pattes, son bec fin, et son plumage à dominante de bleu cobalt sur la calotte, les ailes et le dessus de la queue, jaune sur le poitrail et le ventre.\n\nElle occupe préférentiellement les habitats pourvus de nombreux arbres et de verdure où elle trouve sa nourriture. Les forêts de feuillus et les bocages sont ses milieux de prédilection mais elle fréquente aussi les parcs et les jardins."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Écologie et comportement","text":"L'espèce est familière, sociable et grégaire. L'adulte toujours très actif est sédentaire : il reste généralement toute l'année dans son environnement et ne change pas d'endroit comme le feraient, par exemple, une hirondelle ou une cigogne. La Mésange bleue vivant dans les montagnes ou venant d'Europe centrale est plus nomade, le nombre d'individus et les limites de leur distribution variant selon les saisons. Les individus subordonnés sont des migrateurs partiels, alors que les individus dominants sont plus volontiers sédentaires."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"En période de reproduction (printemps et été), la Mésange bleue a un régime alimentaire essentiellement insectivore : elle se nourrit majoritairement d'insectes, d'araignées et de larves vivant sur les arbres et arbustes hauts, principaux sites de nutrition de ces oiseaux. Ce sont les chenilles qui sont la principale source de caroténoïdes responsables de l'intensité de la couleur jaune vif du plumage ventral, mais cette intensité n'est pas corrélée au succès reproductif de la mésange."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition et habitat","text":"Cette espèce de l'écozone paléarctique Ouest est présente dans toute l'Europe à l'exception du nord de la Scandinavie. Elle vit jusqu'à 3 500 mètres d'altitude en montagne (dans le Caucase). C'est une espèce ubiquiste, c'est-à-dire qu'elle se plaît sous tous les climats.\n\nElle est sédentaire ou migratrice et occupe une grande variété d'habitats : forêts de feuillus à basse altitude (tout particulièrement celles composées de chênes), boisements mixtes de feuillus et de conifères, terres agricoles, berges de cours d'eau, haies, parcs et jardins, y compris ceux des centres urbains, si elle y trouve des cavités de nidification."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Mésange bleue","en":"Eurasian blue tit"},"scientificName":"Cyanistes caeruleus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Cyanistes caeruleus","inaturalistId":144849,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25404"},"entityId":"Q25404"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:17871","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:17871","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Great spotted woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_spotted_woodpecker","revisionId":1357282933,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-01T20:06:14Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357282933","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20spotted%20woodpecker&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Great spotted woodpecker","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) is a medium-sized woodpecker with pied black and white plumage and a red patch on the lower belly. Males and young birds also have red markings on the neck or head. This species is found across the Palearctic including parts of North Africa. Across most of its range it is resident, but in the north some will migrate if the conifer cone crop fails. Some individuals have a tendency to wander, leading to the recolonisation of Ireland in the first decade of the 21st century and to vagrancy to North America."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The species ranges across Eurasia from Ireland to Japan, and in North Africa from Morocco to Tunisia; it is absent only from those areas too cold or dry to have suitable woodland habitat. It is found in a wide variety of woodlands, broadleaf, coniferous or mixed, and in modified habitats like parks, gardens and olive groves. It occurs from sea level to the tree line, up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Europe, 2,200 m (7,200 ft) in Morocco and 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in Central Asia.\n\nThe great spotted woodpecker is mainly resident year-round, but sizeable movements can occur when there are shortages of pine and spruce cones in the north of the range."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour","text":"The great spotted woodpecker spends much of its time climbing trees, and has adaptations to this lifestyle, many of which are shared by other woodpecker species. These include the zygodactyl arrangement of the foot, with two toes facing forward and two back, and the stiff tail feathers that are used as a prop against the trunk. In most birds the bones of the tail diminish in size towards its end, but this does not occur in woodpeckers, and the final vertebra, the pygostyle, is very large to anchor the strong tail muscles.\n\nThe hammering of woodpeckers when drumming or feeding creates great forces which are potentially damaging to the birds."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Feeding","text":"The great spotted woodpecker is omnivorous. It digs beetle larvae from trees and also takes many other invertebrates including adult beetles, ants and spiders. The bird also digs for Lepidoptera larvae like Acronicta rumicis. Crustaceans, molluscs and carrion may be eaten, and bird feeders are visited for seeds, suet and domestic scraps. The nests of other cavity-nesting birds, such as tits, may be raided for their eggs and chicks; nest boxes may be similarly attacked, holes being pecked to admit entrance by the woodpecker where necessary. House martin colonies can be destroyed in repeated visits."}]},"fr":{"title":"Pic épeiche","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_%C3%A9peiche","revisionId":239473759,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-13T21:38:40Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239473759","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pic%20%C3%A9peiche&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Pic épeiche","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Pic épeiche (Dendrocopos major) est l'espèce de pics la plus répandue et la plus commune en Europe et dans le Nord de l'Asie. Faisant partie des pics de taille moyenne, il se caractérise par un plumage rayé de blanc et de noir et une tache rouge écarlate sur le bas-ventre près de la queue.\n\nEspèce diurne, le Pic épeiche vit solitaire ou par couple dans un territoire dont il ne s'éloigne guère, même en hiver, les mâles étant les plus sédentaires. Il peut adopter un comportement plus erratique et migrer en hiver lorsque la nourriture se raréfie."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Le régime alimentaire du pic épeiche est plus varié que celui des autres espèces de pics : très insectivore pendant la période de reproduction, il se nourrit d'insectes xylophages, de fourmis, d'araignées, de larves sur ou sous les écorces, dans les fissures mais aussi dans le bois des arbres. En dehors de cette période, il ajoute à son régime toutes sortes de végétaux, tels que des graines ligneuses de conifères, des baies (notamment des noisettes, noix, glands et noyaux de fruits dont il extrait l'amande), des pousses (bourgeons), voire la résine et la sève sucrée des arbres."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Cycle de reproduction","text":"Presque tous les mâles des oiseaux forestiers arborent des couleurs vives pour attirer les femelles lors des parades nuptiales ou servir d'avertissement à leurs concurrents (aposématisme) dans les frondaisons sombres et enchevêtrées des arbres. Les pics ne font pas exception.\n\nLa mue complète des adultes a lieu après la saison de reproduction qui dure environ 120 jours. Les oisillons constituent une exception chez les petits nidicoles : ils revêtent directement leur plumage juvénile sans passer par le stade duvet.\n\nLe pic épeiche loge dans une cavité de tronc ou d'une branche pendant la période de reproduction mais également tout au long de l'année."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition et habitat","text":"L'abondance du pic épeiche varie en fonction du milieu, les chênaies à charme étant plus peuplées que les hêtraies ou les forêts de conifères, pures ou mixtes. Il vit préférentiellement dans les boisements âgés, bocages, parcs, parfois jardins avec de vieux arbres, les haies d'arbres et les vergers, de la taïga arctique jusqu'aux régions méditerranéennes.\n\nLe pic épeiche se trouve en Asie (jusqu'au Japon), Asie Mineure, nord-ouest de l'Afrique et Europe. En France, où il est généralement sédentaire, on le rencontre sur tout le territoire."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Pic épeiche","en":"Great spotted woodpecker"},"scientificName":"Dendrocopos major","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Dendrocopos major","inaturalistId":17871,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26209"},"entityId":"Q26209"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:20445","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:20445","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Western barn owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_barn_owl","revisionId":1378246348,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T17:37:25Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378246348","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western%20barn%20owl&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Western barn owl","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The western barn owl (Tyto alba) is a species of barn owl native to Europe, southwestern Asia, and Africa. It was formerly considered a subspecies group together with barn owls native to other parts of the world, but this classification was found to be paraphyletic with respect to some other members of the genus.\n\nThe plumage on the head and back is a mottled shade of grey or brown; that on the underparts varies from white to brown and is sometimes speckled with dark markings. The facial disc is characteristically large and heart-shaped, with white plumage in most subspecies. This owl does not hoot, but utters an eerie, drawn-out screech."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The western barn owl is native to most of Europe, West Asia and Africa. The densest clusters are in Western and Central Europe and in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Some smaller clusters are present in East Africa and Madagascar. In Ghana and the wider West African region, it occurs in small scattered pockets. The species was introduced by humans to parts of the Pacific islands and Malaysia to control rat populations. In 2025, the western barn owl was reintroduced to Montjuïc hill in Barcelona as part of the Barcelona Nature Plan and the Climate Plan."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"Like most owls, the barn owl is crepuscular to nocturnal, relying on its acute sense of hearing when hunting in complete darkness. It often becomes active shortly before dusk and can be seen during the day when relocating from one roosting site to another. In Britain, it sometimes hunts by day. This practice may depend on whether the owl is mobbed by other birds if it emerges in daylight. However, in Britain, some western barn owls continue to hunt by day even when mobbed by birds like the Eurasian magpie, rook and black-headed gull, such diurnal activity possibly occurring when the previous night has been wet or windy making hunting difficult."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet and feeding","text":"Hunting nocturnally or crepuscularly, this bird can target its prey and dive to the ground, penetrating its talons through snow, grass or brush to seize small creatures with deadly accuracy. The diet of the western barn owl has been much studied; the items consumed can be ascertained from identifying the prey fragments in the pellets of indigestible matter that the bird regurgitates. Small prey is usually torn into chunks and eaten completely including bones and fur while prey larger than about 100 g (3.5 oz) are usually dismembered and the inedible parts discarded. Excess food is often cached at roosting sites and can be used when food is scarce."}]},"fr":{"title":"Effraie des clochers","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effraie_des_clochers","revisionId":239851183,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-27T09:10:44Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239851183","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effraie%20des%20clochers&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Effraie des clochers","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'Effraie des clochers (Tyto alba) est une espèce de chouettes aussi appelée chouette effraie ou dame blanche. L'espèce peuple tous les continents, à l'exception de l'Antarctique et certaines îles. C'est l'espèce de Strigiformes la plus répandue au monde."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Son régime alimentaire se compose essentiellement de petits rongeurs (campagnols, mulots, souris) et musaraignes. Plus rarement elle capture des belettes ou des lapins, ainsi que des petits oiseaux, des amphibiens, de gros insectes, voire des chauves-souris capturées de manière opportuniste. L'ornithologue Uttendoerfer a étudié le régime alimentaire de l'effraie, par l'analyse des pelotes de réjection."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"Cette espèce est généralement monogame, bien que des cas de polygamie aient été observés. La femelle pond de 4 à 13 œufs en moyenne, qui mesurent de 35 à 43 mm par 30 à 33 mm. Elle pond 2 fois par année, au printemps et en été.\n\nLorsque la nourriture est très abondante, elle peut pondre jusqu'à 15 œufs, et une deuxième nichée peut se produire au cours de la même saison si les conditions météorologiques sont optimales (et jusqu'à trois dans de rares cas ; Johnsgard, 1988 et Konig, 1999[source insuffisante]).\n\nLes œufs sont pondus à même le sol et la femelle les couve de 30 à 32 jours pendant que le mâle chasse pour la nourrir."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition","text":"L'Effraie des clochers est l'oiseau terrestre le plus répandu dans le monde, présente dans toute l'Europe (sauf la Scandinavie, Malte et les régions de steppe), presque toute l'Afrique en dehors du Sahara, le sous-continent indien, l'Asie du sud-est, l'Australie, certaines îles du Pacifique et presque tout le continent américain.\n\nElle est habituellement sédentaire, c’est-à-dire qu'elle demeure dans son aire de nidification (ou dans les alentours) toute l'année. On la trouve principalement dans les zones habitées, plus rarement dans les forêts."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Effraie des clochers","en":"Western barn owl"},"scientificName":"Tyto alba","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Tyto alba","inaturalistId":20445,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25317"},"entityId":"Q25317"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:20526","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:20526","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Common ostrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich","revisionId":1379071715,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T19:40:23Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379071715","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common%20ostrich&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Common ostrich","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The common ostrich (Struthio camelus), or simply ostrich, is a species of flightless bird native to certain areas of Africa (and historically, Arabia) and is the largest living species of bird. The common ostrich is one of two extant species of ostriches, the only living members of the genus Struthio in the ratite group of birds. The other is the Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes), which has been recognised as a distinct species by BirdLife International since 2014, having been previously considered a distinctive subspecies of ostrich.\n\nThe common ostrich belongs to the order Struthioniformes. Struthioniformes previously contained all the ratites, such as the kiwis, emus, rheas, and cassowaries."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"Common ostriches formerly occupied Africa north and south of the Sahara, East Africa, Africa south of the rainforest belt, and much of Asia Minor. Today common ostriches prefer open land and are native to the savannas and Sahel of Africa, both north and south of the equatorial forest zone. In southwest Africa they inhabit the semi-desert or true desert. Farmed common ostriches in Australia have established feral populations. The Arabian ostriches in the Near and Middle East were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century. Attempts to reintroduce the common ostrich into Israel have failed."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"Common ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. Only 16 percent of common ostrich sightings were of more than two birds. During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods ostriches live in nomadic groups of five to 100 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other grazing animals, such as zebras or antelopes. Ostriches are diurnal, but may be active on moonlit nights. They are most active early and late in the day. The male common ostrich territory is between 2 and 20 km2 (0.77 and 7.72 sq mi).\n\nWith their acute eyesight and hearing, common ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Feeding","text":"They mainly feed on seeds, shrubs, grass, fruit, and flowers; occasionally they also eat insects such as locusts, rodents such as mice, small reptiles such as lizards, and animal remains left by carnivorous predators. Lacking teeth, they swallow pebbles that act as gastroliths to grind food in the gizzard. When eating, they will fill their gullet with food, which is in turn passed down their oesophagus in the form of a ball called a bolus. The bolus may be as much as 210 mL (7.4 imp fl oz; 7.1 US fl oz). After passing through the neck (there is no crop) the food enters the gizzard and is worked on by the aforementioned pebbles."}]},"fr":{"title":"Autruche d'Afrique","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autruche_d%27Afrique","revisionId":237209042,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-20T16:41:47Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237209042","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autruche%20d'Afrique&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Autruche d'Afrique","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'Autruche d'Afrique (Struthio camelus) est une espèce d'oiseaux coureurs de la famille des Struthionidae. C'est le plus grand de tous les oiseaux actuels."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Le régime alimentaire des autruches, principalement herbivore, est très varié. Il se compose de jeunes pousses, de graines, de fruits, mais aussi de petits animaux (mammifères et vers en particulier)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement social et vocalisations","text":"Les autruches vivent généralement en groupes de cinq ou six individus (avec une majorité de femelles), mais il n'est pas rare de voir des individus isolés (souvent des mâles), ou alors de bandes nombreuses comprenant une cinquantaine d'individus, surtout dans la savane.\n\nLes autruches, grâce à leur grande taille, voient les prédateurs approcher de très loin, et dans la savane, elles jouent le rôle de sentinelle pour les troupeaux mixtes de zèbres et d'antilopes, avec qui elles se mêlent volontiers. Lorsque les autruches cessent soudain de paître et se mettent à courir, cela déclenche souvent une débandade générale dans les troupeaux d'herbivores."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition","text":"Les populations d'autruches sauvages sont de nos jours endémiques du continent africain, mais leur territoire s'étendait autrefois jusqu'en Syrie."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Autruche d’Afrique","en":"Common ostrich"},"scientificName":"Struthio camelus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Struthio camelus","inaturalistId":20526,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17592"},"entityId":"Q17592"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:2599","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:2599","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Common kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_kingfisher","revisionId":1379243991,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T20:33:45Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379243991","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common%20kingfisher&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Common kingfisher","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), also known as the Eurasian kingfisher and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.\n\nThis sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"This species has the typical short-tailed, dumpy-bodied, large-headed, and long-billed kingfisher shape. The adult male of the western European subspecies, A. a. ispida has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 cm (6+1⁄2 in) long with a wingspan of 25 cm (10 in), and weighs 34–46 g (1+3⁄16–1+5⁄8 oz). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat and distribution","text":"The common kingfisher is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa, mainly south of 60°N. It is a common breeding species over much of its vast Eurasian range, but in North Africa it is mainly a winter visitor, although it is a scarce breeding resident in coastal Morocco and Tunisia. In temperate regions, this kingfisher inhabits clear, slow-flowing streams and rivers, and lakes with well-vegetated banks. It frequents scrubs and bushes with overhanging branches close to shallow open water in which it hunts. In winter it is more coastal, often feeding in estuaries or harbours and along rocky seashores."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Feeding","text":"The common kingfisher hunts from a perch 1–2 m (3–7 ft) above the water, on a branch, post or riverbank, bill pointing down as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 cm (10 in) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent third eyelid. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first."}]},"fr":{"title":"Martin-pêcheur d'Europe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe","revisionId":239795285,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-25T08:15:02Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239795285","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin-p%C3%AAcheur%20d'Europe&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Martin-pêcheur d'Europe","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Martin-pêcheur d'Europe (Alcedo atthis) est une espèce d'oiseaux, espèce type de la famille des Alcedinidae. Cet oiseau est un très bon bioindicateur de la qualité d'un milieu aquatique."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Cet oiseau se nourrit de petits poissons (quatre à sept cm) et de petits animaux aquatiques (insectes notonectes, crustacés gammares et batraciens). C'est pourquoi il vit à proximité des étendues d'eau, où il peut se nourrir en abondance. Sa proie repérée, généralement depuis un perchoir, il plonge en percutant violemment la surface de l'eau, l'attrape, puis l'avale tête la première dans le sens des écailles. Si elle n'est pas dans le bon sens, il la lance en l'air et la rattrape avec agilité dans le sens qui lui convient. Il ingurgite sa proie d'un seul coup. Après digestion, il rejette par la bouche une pelote de réjection constituée des arêtes des derniers poissons digérés."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"Le couple nicheur est généralement uni pendant toute la période de reproduction. Son habitat se situe alors dans les pentes escarpées et meubles, pentes dans lesquelles il est facile de creuser un terrier pour la nidification. Le mâle creuse un terrier. Ensuite mâle et femelle se séduisent dans une parade amoureuse bruyante, comprenant des poursuites et des offrandes réciproques de poissons. Les deux parents couvent alternativement les œufs puis prennent soin des oisillons pendant quatre semaines. Les jeunes sont rapidement chassés du territoire, quelques jours après leur envol. Les parents peuvent préparer une nouvelle couvée."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Il apprécie aussi les falaises calcaires ou sédimentaires, qui se réchauffent facilement au soleil, et les abords des étendues d'eau dans lesquelles il pourra plonger pour attraper sa nourriture. On peut le rencontrer également dans les marais littoraux et dans n'importe quel cours d'eau. Il reste dans son territoire de prédilection tant que les eaux ne sont pas prises par les glaces, car cet oiseau craint les hivers trop rudes, et dans ce cas, il migre vers des régions plus tempérées."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Martin-pêcheur d’Europe","en":"Common kingfisher"},"scientificName":"Alcedo atthis","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Alcedo atthis","inaturalistId":2599,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79915"},"entityId":"Q79915"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:41644","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:41644","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Polar bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear","revisionId":1378892239,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-06T19:37:10Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378892239","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar%20bear&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Polar bear","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear native to the Arctic and nearby areas. It is closely related to the brown bear, and the two species can interbreed. The polar bear is the largest extant species of bear and land carnivore by body mass, with adult males weighing 300–800 kg (660–1,760 lb). The species is sexually dimorphic, as adult females are much smaller. The polar bear is white or yellowish-furred with black skin and a thick layer of fat. It is more slender than the brown bear, with a narrower skull, longer neck and lower shoulder hump. Its teeth are sharper and more adapted to cutting meat. The paws are large and allow the bear to walk on ice and paddle in the water."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"Polar bears inhabit the Arctic and adjacent areas. Their range includes Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Russia and the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway. Polar bears have been recorded as close as 25 km (16 mi) from the North Pole. The southern limits of their range include James Bay and Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada and St. Matthew Island and the Pribilof Islands of Alaska. They are not permanent residents of Iceland but have been recorded visiting there if they can reach it via sea ice. As there has been minimal human encroachment on the bears' remote habitat, they can still be found in much of their original range, more of it than any other large land carnivore."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"Polar bears may travel areas as small as 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mi) to as large as 38,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi) in a year, while drifting ice allows them to move further. Depending on ice conditions, a bear can travel an average of 12 km (7.5 mi) per day. These movements are powered by their energy-rich diet. Polar bears move by walking and galloping and do not trot. Walking bears tilt their front paws towards each other. They can run at estimated speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph) but typically move at around 5.5 km/h (3.4 mph). Polar bears are also capable swimmers and can swim at up to 6 km/h (3.7 mph)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet and hunting","text":"The polar bear is a hypercarnivore, and the most carnivorous species of bear. It is an apex predator of the Arctic, preying on ice-living seals and consuming their energy-rich blubber. The most commonly taken species is the ringed seal, but they also prey on bearded seals and harp seals. Ringed seals are ideal prey as they are abundant and small enough to be overpowered by even small bears. Bearded seal adults are larger and are more likely to break free from an attacking bear, hence adult male bears are more successful in hunting them. Less common prey are hooded seals, spotted seals, ribbon seals and the more temperate-living harbour seals."}]},"fr":{"title":"Ours blanc","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ours_blanc","revisionId":240165899,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T18:25:37Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240165899","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ours%20blanc&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Ours blanc","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Ursus maritimus, l'Ours blanc ou Ours polaire, ou plus rarement Ours maritime, est une espèce de mammifère carnivore de la famille des Ursidés.\n\nIl est originaire de l'Arctique et des zones subarctiques environnantes. Étroitement apparenté à l'ours brun (Ursus arctos), avec lequel il peut s'hybrider, il est la plus grande espèce actuelle d'ursidé et le plus grand prédateur terrestre, rivalisant avec l'ours kodiak. L'espèce présente un important dimorphisme sexuel, les mâles adultes pesant généralement entre 300 et 800 kg tandis que les femelles sont nettement plus petites."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition géographique et habitat","text":"L'ours polaire est inféodé à l'Arctique et aux zones subarctiques adjacentes. Son aire de répartition englobe le Groenland, le nord et l'est du Canada, l'Alaska aux États-Unis, la Russie et l'archipel du Svalbard en Norvège. Des individus ont été observés jusqu'à seulement 25 km du pôle Nord géographique. Les limites méridionales de son habitat atteignent la baie James ainsi que Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador au Canada, et l'île Saint-Matthieu ainsi que les îles Pribilof en mer de Béring. Il ne réside pas en permanence en Islande, mais peut ponctuellement y dériver à la faveur de plaques de glace détachées de la banquise."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement et écologie","text":"Le domaine vital annuel d'un ours polaire varie considérablement selon les individus et les régions, s'étendant de 3 500 km2 à plus de 38 000 km2, la dérive des glaces favorisant par ailleurs des déplacements sur de plus grandes distances encore. Selon la configuration de la banquise, un individu parcourt en moyenne 12 km par jour, ces déplacements soutenus étant permis par un régime alimentaire très riche en lipides. L'ours polaire progresse au en marchant lentement, rythmé par de grandes accélérations en démarchés intermédiaires. Lorsqu'il marche, ses pattes avant sont légèrement tournées vers l'intérieur."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Régime alimentaire et prédation","text":"L'ours polaire est un prédateur hypercarnivore et le représentant le plus strictement carnassier des ursidés. Véritable superprédateur des écosystèmes arctiques, il cible principalement les pinnipèdes associés à la banquise dont il ingère prioritairement la couche de graisse sous-cutanée, hautement énergétique. Sa proie de prédilection est le phoque annelé, complété par le phoque barbu et le phoque du Groenland. Le phoque annelé représente la proie idéale, abondante et de taille aisément maîtrisable, y compris par de jeunes ours."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Ours polaire","en":"Polar bear"},"scientificName":"Ursus maritimus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Ursus maritimus","inaturalistId":41644,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33609"},"entityId":"Q33609"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:41663","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:41663","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Raccoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon","revisionId":1378894986,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-06T19:58:36Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378894986","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raccoon&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Raccoon","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","attributionNotices":["This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Raccoon\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press."],"sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The raccoon ( or US: , Procyon lotor), sometimes called the North American, northern or common raccoon (also spelled racoon) to distinguish it from other species of raccoon, is a mammal native to North America. It is the largest of the procyonid family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in), and a body weight of 5 to 26 kg (11 to 57 lb). Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur, which insulates it against cold weather. The animal's most distinctive features include its extremely dexterous front paws, its facial mask, and its ringed tail, which are common themes in the mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas surrounding the species."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Social behavior","text":"Studies in the 1990s by the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt and Ulf Hohmann suggest that raccoons engage in sex-specific social behaviors and are not typically solitary, as was previously thought. Related females often live in a so-called \"fission-fusion society\"; that is, they share a common area and occasionally meet at feeding or resting grounds. Unrelated males often form loose male social groups to maintain their position against foreign males during the mating season—or against other potential invaders. Such a group does not usually consist of more than four individuals."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"Though usually nocturnal, the raccoon is sometimes active in daylight to take advantage of available food sources. Its diet consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant material and 27% vertebrates. Since its diet consists of such a variety of different foods, Zeveloff argues the raccoon \"may well be one of the world's most omnivorous animals\". While its diet in spring and early summer consists mostly of insects, worms, and other animals already available early in the year, it prefers fruits and nuts, such as acorns and walnuts, which emerge in late summer and autumn, and represent a rich calorie source for building up fat needed for winter."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Although they have thrived in sparsely wooded areas in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures to climb when they feel threatened. Therefore, they avoid open terrain and areas with high concentrations of beech trees, as beech bark is too smooth to climb. Tree hollows in old oaks or other trees and rock crevices are preferred by raccoons as sleeping, winter, and litter dens. If such dens are unavailable or accessing them is inconvenient, raccoons use burrows dug by other mammals, dense undergrowth, or tree crotches."}]},"fr":{"title":"Raton laveur","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton_laveur","revisionId":239795086,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-25T08:04:36Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239795086","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raton%20laveur&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Raton laveur","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Raton laveur (Procyon lotor), ou Raton laveur commun, est une espèce de mammifères de l'ordre des Carnivores et de la famille des Procyonidés.\n\nOriginaire d'Amérique du Nord, il s’agit du plus grand représentant de sa famille ; c’est un carnivore d’une taille petite à moyenne, pouvant atteindre une longueur corporelle allant de 40 à 70 cm pour un poids compris entre 5 et 26 kg.\n\nSon pelage, plus généralement d’une teinte grisâtre poivre et sel, parfois brune ou roussâtre, possède un sous-poil dense l'isolant du froid. Il se caractérise par son masque facial sombre, coulant le long de ses joues."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement social","text":". Les femelles apparentées vivent souvent dans une « société de fission-fusion » ; c'est-à-dire qu'elles partagent un territoire commun et se rencontrent occasionnellement sur des aires de repos ou d'alimentation. Les mâles non apparentés forment souvent des groupes sociaux masculins flexibles pour maintenir leur position contre les mâles étrangers pendant la saison des amours, ou contre d'autres envahisseurs potentiels. Un tel groupe ne se compose généralement pas de plus de quatre individus."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Régime alimentaire","text":"Bien qu'il soit généralement nocturne, le raton laveur est parfois actif de jour pour profiter des sources de nourriture disponibles. Son régime alimentaire se compose de petits animaux composant environ de 27 % de vertébrés, 40 % d'invertébrés, mais son alimentation comprend également 33 % de matières végétales. En raison de cette grande variété d'aliments, Zeveloff soutient que le raton laveur « pourrait bien être l'un des animaux les plus omnivores au monde »."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Bien qu'ils aient prospéré dans des zones peu boisées au cours des dernières décennies, les ratons laveurs dépendent de structures verticales pour grimper lorsqu'ils se sentent menacés. Par conséquent, ils évitent les terrains découverts et les zones à forte concentration de hêtres, car l'écorce de ces derniers est trop lisse pour être escaladée. Les cavités d'arbres dans les vieux chênes ou d'autres arbres, ainsi que les crevasses rocheuses, sont préférées par les ratons laveurs comme gîtes pour dormir, passer l'hiver ou mettre bas."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Raton laveur","en":"Raccoon"},"scientificName":"Procyon lotor","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Procyon lotor","inaturalistId":41663,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121439"},"entityId":"Q121439"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:41708","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:41708","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Harbor seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal","revisionId":1378302463,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T22:06:58Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378302463","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbor%20seal&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Harbor seal","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The harbor (or harbour) seal (Phoca vitulina), also known as the common seal, is a true seal found along temperate and Arctic marine coastlines of the Northern Hemisphere. The most widely distributed species of pinniped (walruses, eared seals, and true seals), they are found in coastal waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Baltic and North seas.\n\nHarbor seals are brown, silvery white, tan, or grey, with distinctive V-shaped nostrils. An adult can attain a length of 1.85 m (6.1 ft) and weigh up to 168 kg (370 lb). Blubber under the seal's skin helps to maintain body temperature. Females outlive males (30–35 years versus 20–25 years)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Individual harbor seals possess a unique pattern of spots, either dark on a light background or light on a dark. They vary in colour from brownish black to tan or grey; underparts are generally lighter. The body and flippers are short, heads are rounded. Nostrils appear distinctively V-shaped. As with other true seals, there is no pinna (ear flap). An ear canal may be visible behind the eye. Including the head and flippers, they may reach an adult length of 1.85 m (6.1 ft) and a weight of 55 to 168 kg (120 to 370 lb). Females are generally smaller than males."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat and diet","text":"Harbor seals prefer to frequent familiar resting sites. They may spend several days at sea and travel up to 50 km in search of feeding grounds, and will also swim more than a hundred miles upstream into fresh water in large rivers in search of migratory fish like shad and salmon. Resting sites may be both rugged, rocky coasts, such as those of the Hebrides or the shorelines of New England, or sandy beaches, like the ones that flank Normandy in Northern France or the Outer Banks of North Carolina."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour, survival, and reproduction","text":"Harbor seals are solitary, but are gregarious when hauled out and during the breeding season, though they do not form groups as large as some other seals. When not actively feeding, they haul to rest. They tend to be coastal, not venturing more than 20 km offshore. The mating system is not known, but thought to be polygamous. Females give birth once per year, with a gestation period around nine months. Females have a mean age at sexual maturity of 3.72 years and a mean age at first parturition of 4.64. Both courtship and mating occur under water."}]},"fr":{"title":"Phoca vitulina","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca_vitulina","revisionId":239006971,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-27T18:04:28Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239006971","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoca%20vitulina&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Phoca vitulina","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Phoque commun (Phoca vitulina), ou Phoque veau-marin, est une espèce de mammifères marins carnivores de la famille des phocidés.\n\nSon espérance de vie peut atteindre 25 ans pour le mâle, et 35 ans pour la femelle ; elle varie fortement selon les zones de vie et les sous-populations ou sous-espèces. Sur les sites de reposoir ou d'échouerie, à marée basse, il peut adopter la position caractéristique en « arc » ou en « banane », la tête dressée et les membres postérieurs relevés et serrés ensemble, hors de l'eau, afin de limiter le contact avec le sol humide et froid (banc de sable, rocher, goémon) et permettre son séchage, retardant ainsi au maximum son déplacement dû à la hauteur d'eau."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Le jeune phoque se nourrit du lait de sa mère, très riche. Les individus adultes ont un régime alimentaire généraliste, qui peut se composer d'un large panel de proies (poissons, céphalopodes, voire crustacés), et qui varie en fonction de la disponibilité en proies dans l'environnement (potentiellement variable en fonction des sites d'étude et/ou des saisons).\n\nLe phoque commun est principalement piscivore : il consomme chaque jour entre 2 et 3 kg de poisson (hareng, bar, anchois, merlan, morue de l'Atlantique, plie, sole, saumon, cabillaud)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"La maturité sexuelle est atteinte entre 4 et 7 ans pour les mâles, et plus tôt pour les femelles, entre 3 et 6 ans. Elle semble effective pour la femelle quand elle dépasse le poids de 50 kg et pour le mâle quand il dépasse les 75 kg.\n\nL'accouplement a plutôt lieu dans l'eau. Un mâle peut s'accoupler avec plusieurs femelles. La saison des amours est double : printemps et début de l'automne. La femelle peut différer de deux mois l'implantation de l'embryon. La gestation dure environ 9,5 mois, parfois 11 mois en raison du phénomène d'implantation retardée. Il n'y a généralement qu'un seul petit (exceptionnellement deux), de 9 à 13 kg (11 kg en moyenne) pour 70 à 90 cm."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition et habitat","text":"Ce phoque, autrefois commun, est encore présent sur le littoral des océans de l'hémisphère nord (Atlantique et Pacifique). Il vit sur le plateau continental, qu'il explore à marée haute à la recherche de proies.\n\nIl accoste à marée basse sur les bancs ou sur les parties émergées des estuaires, appelées « reposoirs » (« échoueries » au Québec), et qu'il utilise également pour se reproduire et muer. La période de mue a lieu en été (juillet à septembre) et peut durer de trois à quatre semaines. On le voit quelquefois dans les ports, et des individus remontent parfois les fleuves."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Phoque commun","en":"Harbour seal"},"scientificName":"Phoca vitulina","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Phoca vitulina","inaturalistId":41708,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26913"},"entityId":"Q26913"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:41964","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:41964","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion","revisionId":1379222844,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T17:45:59Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379222844","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Lion","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The lion (Panthera leo) is a large cat of the genus Panthera, currently ranging only in Sub-Saharan Africa and India. It has a muscular, broad-chested body; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane that extends from the head to the shoulders and chest.\n\nThe lion inhabits grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands. It is an apex and keystone predator, preying mostly on medium-sized and large hooved mammals. It is usually more diurnal than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active at night and at twilight. It is a social species, forming groups called prides."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and savannahs, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On Mount Elgon, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on Mount Kenya. Savannahs with an annual rainfall of 300 to 1,500 mm (12 to 59 in) make up the majority of lion habitat in Africa, estimated at 3,390,821 km2 (1,309,203 sq mi) at most. Still, remnant populations are also present in tropical moist forests in West Africa and montane forests in East Africa."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day. Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating. Intermittent bursts of activity continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Hunting and diet","text":"The lion is a generalist hypercarnivore and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum. Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large hooved mammals, particularly blue wildebeest, plains zebra, African buffalo, gemsbok and giraffe. It also frequently takes common warthog despite it being much smaller. In India, chital and sambar deer are the most common wild prey, while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas. It usually avoids adult elephants, rhinoceros and hippopotamus and small prey like dik-dik, hyraxes, hares and monkeys, and seldom consumes other predators."}]},"fr":{"title":"Lion","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion","revisionId":240110220,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T20:47:35Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240110220","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Lion","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Lion (Panthera leo) est une espèce de mammifères carnivores de la famille des Félidés. La femelle du lion est la lionne, son petit est le lionceau. Le mâle adulte, aisément reconnaissable à son importante crinière, accuse une masse moyenne qui peut être variable selon les zones géographiques où il se trouve, allant de 145 à 180 kg pour les lions d'Asie à plus de 225 kg pour les lions d'Afrique. Certains spécimens très rares peuvent dépasser exceptionnellement 300 kg. Un mâle adulte se nourrit de 7 kg de viande chaque jour contre 5 kg chez la femelle. Le lion est un animal grégaire, c'est-à-dire qu'il vit en larges groupes familiaux, contrairement aux autres félins."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition ancienne","text":"Autrefois, le lion devait posséder la répartition géographique la plus étalée de tous les mammifères terrestres. Le lion d'Amérique (Panthera atrox) était présent du Pérou à l'Alaska pendant tout le pléistocène supérieur, tandis que des cousins (Panthera spelaea, le lion des cavernes) occupaient la Sibérie et l'Europe centrale, et d'autres encore étaient répartis entre l'Inde et l'Afrique du Sud. L'étendue de la répartition perd toutefois de son importance à la fin de la dernière glaciation.\n\nLa répartition du lion durant l'Holocène (l'époque géologique et climatique actuelle) jusqu'aux temps historiques est plus restreinte mais a cependant été importante."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement social","text":"Contrairement aux autres fauves, plutôt solitaires, les lions vivent dans des troupes, qui sont des unités sociales permanentes, composées de femelles apparentées entre elles, de mâles non apparentés aux femelles et de leur progéniture. La dimension du territoire et le nombre de proies déterminent la dimension du groupe qui varie de 3 à 30 individus. Il y a habituellement dans le groupe un à sept mâles adultes et d'une à dix-huit femelles. Le territoire d'une troupe couvre 20 à 500 km2. Dans le parc national du Serengeti en Tanzanie, la densité des lions peut atteindre un individu par kilomètre carré."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation et chasse","text":"Le lion ne chasse généralement que dans l'obscurité ou aux heures fraîches du matin ; l'obscurité et les températures plus clémentes constituent un avantage important. De plus, le lion est inactif de 20 à 21 heures par jour, dont 10 à 15 heures de sieste. Il consomme en moyenne 7 kg de viande par jour. Toutefois, si la chasse a été bonne et si elle a manqué quelques repas, la lionne peut avaler jusqu'à 30 kg de viande en une seule fois, tandis que le mâle peut en avaler jusqu'à 40 kg. Les lions ne chassent que lorsque leur réserve de nourriture est épuisée.\n\nIl chasse aussi des buffles, jeunes éléphants, phacochères, zèbres, girafes, lapins, oiseaux et quelquefois poissons."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Lion","en":"Lion"},"scientificName":"Panthera leo","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Panthera leo","inaturalistId":41964,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140"},"entityId":"Q140"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:41967","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:41967","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger","revisionId":1379390513,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-09T18:29:43Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379390513","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Tiger","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The tiger (Panthera tigris) is a large cat and a member of the genus Panthera native to Asia. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur that fades to white in parts, with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is traditionally classified into nine subspecies, though some recognise only two subspecies, the mainland Asian tiger and the Sunda Islands tiger.\n\nThroughout its range, it inhabits mainly forests, from coniferous and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the Russian Far East and Northeast China to tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests on the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The tiger historically ranged from eastern Turkey, northern Iran and Afghanistan to Central Asia and from northern Pakistan through the Indian subcontinent and Indochina to southeastern Siberia, Sumatra, Java and Bali. As of 2022, it inhabits less than 7% of its historical distribution and has a scattered range in the Indian subcontinent, the Indochinese Peninsula, Sumatra, northeastern China and the Russian Far East. As of 2020, India had the largest extent of global tiger habitat with 300,508 km2 (116,027 sq mi), followed by Russia with 195,819 km2 (75,606 sq mi).\n\nThe tiger mainly lives in forest habitats and is highly adaptable."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"Camera trap data show that tigers in Chitwan National Park avoided locations frequented by people and were more active at night than during day.\n\nIn Sundarbans National Park, six radio-collared tigers were most active from dawn to early morning and reached their zenith around 7:00 o'clock in the morning.\n\nA three-year-long camera trap survey in Shuklaphanta National Park revealed that tigers were most active from dusk until midnight.\n\nIn northeastern China, tigers were crepuscular and active at night with activity peaking at dawn and dusk; they were largely active at the same time as their prey."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Hunting and diet","text":"The tiger is a carnivore and an apex predator. Abundance and body weight of prey species are assumed to be the main criteria for the tiger's prey selection, both inside and outside protected areas. It feeds mainly on large and medium-sized hooved mammals such as sambar deer, Manchurian wapiti, barasingha, gaur and wild boar. It also preys opportunistically on smaller species like monkeys, peafowl and other ground-based birds, porcupines and fish. Occasional attacks on Asian elephants and Indian rhinoceroses have also been reported.\n\nThey sometimes prey on livestock and dogs in close proximity to settlements."}]},"fr":{"title":"Tigre","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre","revisionId":239794588,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-25T07:36:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239794588","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigre&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Tigre","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Tigre (Panthera tigris) est une espèce de mammifères carnivores de la famille des félidés (Felidae) du genre Panthera.\n\nAisément reconnaissable à sa fourrure rousse rayée de noir, c'est le plus grand félin sauvage et l'un des plus grands carnivores terrestres, dépassé seulement par les plus grandes espèces d'ours. L'espèce est divisée en neuf sous-espèces présentant des différences mineures de taille ou de comportement. Superprédateur, il chasse principalement des cerfs et des sangliers, bien qu'il puisse s'attaquer à des proies de taille plus importante comme les buffles jusqu'à l'énorme gayal (rarement attaqué en raison de sa taille imposante et de ses cornes qui peuvent tuer un tigre adulte)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Une tigresse du Bengale seule consomme six kilogrammes de viande par jour, ce qui, selon la taille des proies, représente 40 à 70 prises par an. Un tigre a en moyenne besoin de chasser une grosse proie tous les sept à dix jours. Un tigre peut ingurgiter de 14 à 40 kg de viande en une seule fois. Il commence en général par dévorer l'arrière-train de sa victime. Il est assez fort pour traîner des proies qui pèsent cinq fois son poids.\n\nAnimal carnivore, le tigre se nourrit uniquement de viande. Les principales proies du tigre sont de poids moyen (de cinquante à deux cents kilogrammes), il s'attaque principalement aux sangliers et aux cerfs."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Le tigre s'accommode de plus de deux cents habitats différents. Des forêts humides tropicales aux bois de conifères et de bouleaux de Russie d'Extrême-Orient en passant par les mangroves, des Sundarbans, le tigre fait preuve d'une grande adaptabilité, même s'il marque une préférence pour les terrains avec une grande végétation qui lui offrent un bon terrain de chasse et un bon abri."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique des actions de protection","text":"En 1969, le directeur du zoo de Delhi déclare que « Le tigre est sur le point de disparaître ! ». La chasse au tigre devient interdite en 1970, mais c'est en 1973 que le Projet Tigre est lancé par Indira Gandhi en Inde : les parcs nationaux sont transformés en réserves, au cœur desquelles il est interdit d'accéder, afin de réserver un centre de reproduction au tigre. Des zones tampons, où les autorités réglementent le passage, sont aménagées. Le programme fonctionne : dans les années 1980, les autorités indiennes annoncent que les populations de tigre ont plus que doublé."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Tigre","en":"Tiger"},"scientificName":"Panthera tigris","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Panthera tigris","inaturalistId":41967,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19939"},"entityId":"Q19939"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:42069","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:42069","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox","revisionId":1378725333,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T22:07:27Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378725333","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20fox&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Red fox","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes, and the most widely distributed member of the order Carnivora. It is present across the entire Northern Hemisphere, including most of North America, Europe and Asia, as well as parts of North Africa. Its range has expanded alongside human settlement, with the species having been introduced to Australia, where it preys on native small and medium-sized rodents and marsupials. The red fox is listed as of least concern on the IUCN Red List. Because of its impact on native species, it is included on the list of the \"world's 100 worst invasive species\"."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The red fox is the most widespread member of the order Carnivora, and is present on every continent except for South America and Antarctica. Its range covers nearly 70,000,000 km2 (27,000,000 sq mi), extending as far north as the Arctic Circle. It is found throughout Europe, in Africa north of the Sahara Desert, throughout Asia apart from extreme Southeast Asia, and across North America apart from most of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is absent from the Arctic islands, the most northerly parts of central Siberia, and in extreme deserts."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Social and territorial behaviour","text":"Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode. They use their urine to mark their territories. A male fox raises one of his hind legs, spraying his urine forward in front of him. In contrast, a female fox squats down, spraying her urine onto the ground between her hind legs. Urine is also used to mark empty cache sites where found food is stored. This serves as a reminder not to waste time investigating them. Males generally have higher urine marking rates during late summer and autumn, but the rest of the year the rates between male and female are similar."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet and hunting","text":"It consumes over 300 animal species including small rodents like mice, ground squirrels, hamsters, gerbils, woodchucks, muskrats, voles, pocket gophers, deer mice, leporids, porcupines, raccoons, opossums, birds with passeriformes, galliformes and waterfowl predominating, reptiles, insects and invertebrates. In Doñana National Park, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a major prey item. It attacks young or small ungulates on rare occasions.\n\nIn southern Italy, red foxes were observed eating pond slider eggs excavated from nests.\n\nCamera traps at an Australian rookery documented red foxes preying on flatback sea turtle eggs."}]},"fr":{"title":"Renard roux","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renard_roux","revisionId":239418311,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-11T23:52:08Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239418311","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renard%20roux&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Renard roux","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le renard roux (Vulpes vulpes), parfois désigné sous les noms de renard commun ou encore renard rouge, et plus affectueusement sous la dénomination médiévale de goupil, est une espèce de mammifère carnivore de la famille des Canidés. Le renard roux est l’une des espèces de mammifères carnivores les plus répandue à travers le monde, couvrant la majorité de l’hémisphère nord des continents eurasien et américain, jusqu’en Afrique du Nord plus au sud de son ère de répartition, et fut même introduite par l’Homme sur certaines îles comme l’Australie. C'est un canidé aux dimensions moyennes reconnaissables par son pelage roux souvent marqué de blanc sous le ventre et la gorge, au museau pointu, aux oreilles droites et à la queue touffue."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Le Renard roux est très commun car il s'adapte à des milieux très variés. On peut ainsi le rencontrer en bord de mer comme dans les landes d'altitude, dans les campagnes comme dans les villes, dans les forêts, les champs cultivés, les prairies, les savanes, les steppes et même dans le désert. Il affectionne néanmoins plus particulièrement les zones tempérées au paysage ouvert et varié comprenant forêts, champs cultivés, ruisseaux et collines."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Origines et évolution","text":"Le Renard roux est considéré comme le membre du genre Vulpes le plus spécialisé et le plus évolué, en comparaison du Renard de Blanford, du Renard corsac et du Renard du Bengale, notamment du fait de sa taille et de son adaptation à un régime carnivore. Son aire faciale est plus développée. Il n'est toutefois pas aussi bien adapté à son régime carnivore que peut l'être le Renard du Tibet. Le Renard roux est originaire d'Eurasie, et a évolué à partir de Vulpes alopecoides ou de l'espèce chinoise très proche V. chikushanensis, ces deux espèces ayant vécu durant le Villafranchien moyen."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Renard roux","en":"Red fox"},"scientificName":"Vulpes vulpes","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Vulpes vulpes","inaturalistId":42069,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8332"},"entityId":"Q8332"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:43042","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:43042","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"European hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hedgehog","revisionId":1376322161,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-23T12:52:02Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376322161","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European%20hedgehog&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — European hedgehog","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), also known as the West European hedgehog or common hedgehog, is a hedgehog species native to Europe from Iberia and Italy northwards into Scandinavia and westwards into Ireland. It is a generally common and widely distributed species that can survive across a wide range of habitat types. It is a well-known species, and a favourite in European gardens, both for its endearing appearance and its preference for eating a range of garden pests. While populations are currently stable across much of its range, it is declining severely in Great Britain, where it is now Red Listed, meaning that it is considered to be at risk of local extinction."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"The European hedgehog is largely nocturnal. It has a hesitant gait, frequently stopping to smell the air. Unlike the smaller, warmer-climate species, the European hedgehog may hibernate in the winter. However most wake at least once to move their nests."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"The European hedgehog is an insectivore. Its diet consists largely of earthworms, as well as snails and slugs, beetles, ants, bees and wasps, earwigs, cockroaches, crickets and grasshoppers, butterflies and moths, and caterpillars and other insect larvae. Eggs of ground-nesting birds are also taken and carcasses may be foraged on. Hedgehogs may also eat lizards, snakes, frogs and small rodents. Plant matter appears to make up only a negligible part of the hedgehog's diet."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The European hedgehog is native to Europe, with a global distribution extending from Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula eastwards through much of western to central Europe, and from southern Fennoscandia and the northern Baltic to north-west Russia. It is present also on Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily), on most of the French Atlantic islands as well as on Irish and British islands (autochthonous and introduced). It is an invasive exotic species in New Zealand and it has been suggested maybe to have been introduced to Ireland and many of the smaller islands where it occurs."}]},"fr":{"title":"Erinaceus europaeus","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceus_europaeus","revisionId":239767290,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-24T06:28:10Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239767290","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erinaceus%20europaeus&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Erinaceus europaeus","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Hérisson commun (Erinaceus europaeus), également nommé Hérisson d'Europe, est une espèce de petits mammifères, omnivore et nocturne, de la famille des Erinaceidae, classée dans l'ordre des Eulipotyphla. Ce hérisson est répandu en Europe, y compris la Russie d'Europe, sauf le grand Nord, ainsi qu'en Turquie et dans le Caucase. Espèce envahissante en Nouvelle-Zélande, où il a été introduit, cet animal est, au contraire, en Europe, une espèce protégée par la Convention de Berne et en France, par l’arrêté du 23 avril 2007."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition","text":"Cette espèce est commune dans toute l'Europe, jusqu'à 65° de latitude Nord. Le Hérisson européen est répandu en Eurasie, y compris la Russie d'Europe, sauf le grand Nord, ainsi qu'en Turquie et dans le Caucase. Il a également été introduit en Nouvelle-Zélande. Cet animal est protégé dans certaines régions. D'autres espèces vivent en Afrique et en Asie. On n'en trouve ni en Amérique, ni en Australie."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement","text":"Sauf quand il hiberne et qu'il dort, le hérisson est très actif. Une étude de radiopistage a montré qu'en cas de nécessité il parcourt facilement des distances de 5 à 8 km même si un rayon de 4 km semble plus naturel. Des expériences ont également montré que dans des parcelles à environnement défavorable, il est nettement plus attiré par les bordures de ces parcelles (qu'il utilise alors comme corridor). Dans ces conditions, une proportion importante d'entre eux tend à rester près des routes (certains s'y faisant écraser) et se montre plus attirée par l’environnement urbain que les zones d'agriculture intensive."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation et chasse","text":"Le Hérisson est un animal semi-nocturne. Il chasse la nuit à la vitesse moyenne de 3 mètres par minute, mais peut faire des courtes pointes de vitesse et parcourt environ 2 ou 3 kilomètres. Dès le crépuscule, il cherche sa nourriture composée d'insectes, de vers, d'escargots, de limaces, d'œufs, de fruits et de baies. Il est à ce titre un auxiliaire de tout premier plan pour les jardiniers. Il s'attaque parfois aux serpents, lézards, rongeurs, amphibiens, oiseaux nichant à terre."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Hérisson d’Europe","en":"European hedgehog"},"scientificName":"Erinaceus europaeus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Erinaceus europaeus","inaturalistId":43042,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6145"},"entityId":"Q6145"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:43151","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:43151","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"European rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_rabbit","revisionId":1378652206,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T13:26:00Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378652206","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European%20rabbit&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — European rabbit","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) or coney is a species of rabbit native to the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France. It has been introduced to hundreds of locations around the world. Wild and domesticated European rabbits around the world can vary widely in size, shape, and colour. The average adult European rabbit is smaller than the European hare, though size and weight vary with habitat and diet.\n\nEuropean rabbits prefer grassland habitats and are herbivorous, mainly feeding on grasses and leaves, though they may supplement their diet with berries, tree bark, and field crops such as maize. They are prey to a variety of predators, including birds of prey, weasels, cats, and canids."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Social and territorial behaviour","text":"The European rabbit lives in burrows known as warrens that contain social groups consisting of one to five adult males, known as bucks, and one to eight adult females, known as does. These warrens often form around a dominant male and several subordinate females and males, and they benefit the population by providing a location safe from predators to raise young. Breeding groups of rabbits may extend to include two or more nearby warrens if beneficial to the population. European rabbits are territorial, and even within a warren will defend their territory against neighbouring social groups. Females tend to be more territorial than males."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"The European rabbit's ideal habitat consists of short grasslands with secure refuge (such as burrows, boulders, hedgerows, scrub, and woodland) near feeding areas. The size and distribution of its burrow systems depend on the type of soil present. In areas with loose soil, it selects sites with supporting structures, such as tree roots or shrubs, to prevent burrow collapse. Warrens tend to be larger and to have more interconnected tunnels in areas with chalk than those in sand. In large coniferous plantations, the species only occurs on peripheral areas and along fire breaks and rides. In the rabbit's native range, it is strongly associated with Mediterranean shrubland."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"The European rabbit eats a wide variety of herbage, especially grasses. It favours young leaves and shoots from nutritious species, particularly fescues. In cultivated areas, the rabbit's diet expands to various crops, including sugar beet, hay, and cereals. Winter wheat is preferred over maize and dicotyledons. The European rabbit generally grazes variably around its warren, creating a gradient of low vegetation and nutritional content closer to the burrow, where grazing is most intense, to high vegetation and available nutrition further away, where the rabbit is more exposed to predators and uses more energy to escape."}]},"fr":{"title":"Oryctolagus cuniculus","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctolagus_cuniculus","revisionId":240235803,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-10T06:07:44Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240235803","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oryctolagus%20cuniculus&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Oryctolagus cuniculus","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Lapin de garenne ou Lapin commun (Oryctolagus cuniculus) est une espèce de mammifères lagomorphes de la famille des Léporidés.\n\nLes populations sauvages sont communes en Europe, mais en déclin, et l'espèce a été introduite en Australie en 1859 où elle est devenue envahissante.\n\nJusqu'au Moyen Âge, ce lapin était souvent élevé en semi-liberté, dans de vastes espaces clos appelés des garennes, ce qui lui vaut son nom vernaculaire. Sous sa forme domestiquée l'espèce est commune un peu partout dans le monde, élevée dans des clapiers. Le lapin de garenne est l'espèce souche de tous les lapins domestiques, avec de nombreuses races et variétés obtenues par sélection, y compris des lapins nains."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement","text":"Le lapin commun est un animal nocturne et crépusculaire.[réf. nécessaire] Il communique avec ses congénères principalement par les odeurs, qui permettent d'identifier le sexe et l'âge, mais aussi le statut social.\n\nÀ l'état sauvage, les individus vivent en couple si la densité est faible, et en groupe quand elle est plus importante. Un groupe compte jusqu'à 20 sujets adultes, généralement de 1 à 6 mâles et de 1 à 6 femelles. Il comporte des mâles et femelles dominants : les premiers monopolisent les accouplements tandis que les secondes disposent des meilleurs emplacements pour creuser les rabouillères (terriers d'accouchement)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Originairement, le lapin de garenne peuplait la péninsule Ibérique depuis le Pléistocène moyen. On en trouve aussi quelques traces anciennes en France ou dans le nord-ouest de l'Afrique. Aujourd'hui, il existe à l'état sauvage sur tous les continents excepté l'Asie et l'Antarctique grâce à ses facultés d'adaptation. Les formes domestiquées sont élevées partout dans le monde. À l'origine dans des garennes, puis dans des clapiers et plus tard aussi dans des élevages en batterie.\n\nÀ l'état sauvage, ces lapins creusent des terriers et préfèrent les zones plutôt sèches et au sol meuble et profond."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Régime alimentaire","text":"Le lapin est herbivore et cæcotrophe, c’est-à-dire qu'il mange ses propres crottes molles dès leur sortie de l'anus. À l'état sauvage, son régime alimentaire est variable, suivant l'environnement local. Il se nourrit de plantes herbacées, principalement des Poacées, au printemps et en été ; en hiver, son régime est composé de tiges et écorces d'arbrisseaux. Il peut creuser légèrement la terre pour trouver racines, graines et bulbes ; il est également capable de grimper dans des arbrisseaux et des buissons pour manger les jeunes pousses. Le lapin mange également des plantes cultivées (céréales, carottes ou choux). Un adulte consomme de 200 à 500 grammes de plantes par jour."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Lapin de garenne","en":"European rabbit"},"scientificName":"Oryctolagus cuniculus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Oryctolagus cuniculus","inaturalistId":43151,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25851"},"entityId":"Q25851"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:43335","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:43335","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Plains zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_zebra","revisionId":1378842863,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-06T12:44:16Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378842863","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plains%20zebra&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Plains zebra","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The plains zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchellii) is the most common and geographically widespread species of zebra. Its range is fragmented, but spans much of southern and eastern Africa south of the Sahara. Six or seven subspecies have been recognised, including the quagga which was thought to be a separate species. More recent research supports variations in zebra populations being clines rather than subspecies.\n\nPlains zebras are intermediate in size between the larger Grévy's zebra and the smaller mountain zebra and tend to have broader stripes than both. Great variation in coat patterns exists between clines and individuals."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Range and habitat","text":"The plains zebra's range stops short of the Sahara from South Sudan and southern Ethiopia extending south along eastern Africa, as far as Zambia, Mozambique, and Malawi, before spreading into most southern African countries. They may have lived in Algeria in the Neolithic era. Plains zebras generally live in treeless grasslands and savanna woodlands, but can be found in a variety of habitats, both tropical and temperate. However, they are generally absent from deserts, dense rainforests, and permanent wetlands. They generally prefer Acacieae woodlands over Commiphora. They are water-dependent and live in more mesic environments than other African equids."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet and predation","text":"Plains zebras primarily feed on grass; preferred species being Themeda triandra, Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis superba and Cenchrus ciliaris. Zebra sometimes browse on herbs, leaves and twigs or dig for corms and rhizomes during the dry season. They appear to partial to eating scorched Colophospermum mopane and Pterocarpus rotundifolius, consuming both the leaves and twigs.\n\nPlains zebras are adapted for grazing on both long, tough grass stems and newly emerging short grass (stems and sheaths). In some areas, it rarely feeds below 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) to ground level."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour","text":"Plains zebras are nomadic and non-territorial, home ranges vary from 30 km2 (12 sq mi) to 600 km2 (230 sq mi), depending on the area and if the population is migratory. They are more active during the day and spend most of their time feeding. Other activities include dust bathing, rubbing, drinking and intermittent resting which is very brief. At night, zebra activity is subdued except when threatened by predators. They may rest or sleep laying down, while one individual keeps guard."}]},"fr":{"title":"Equus quagga","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_quagga","revisionId":233128003,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-02-08T15:00:55Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=233128003","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equus%20quagga&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Equus quagga","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Zèbre des plaines, ou Zèbre de Burchell (Equus quagga, syn. Equus burchellii), également connu sous le nom de Dauw, est une espèce de zèbres dans la famille des équidés et le genre Equus.\n\nSa taxonomie est encore discutée. Il ne doit pas être confondu avec le Quagga (Equus quagga quagga), une sous-espèce éteinte, appelée elle aussi Equus quagga dans les anciennes classifications."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Le zèbre des plaines est de taille moyenne, plus petit en moyenne que le zèbre de Grévy, mais plus grand que le zèbre de montagne, épais avec des pattes relativement courtes. Les adultes des deux sexes mesurent entre 1,10 et 1,45 m de hauteur au garrot, de 2,17 à 2,46 m de longueur, sans compter une queue de 47 à 56 cm, et pèsent entre 175 et 385 kg. Les mâles peuvent peser 10 % de plus que les femelles.\n\nCe zèbre possède généralement des bandes noires relativement larges, qui sont verticales sur le corps, mais deviennent horizontales sur l'arrière-train."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Aire géographique","text":"Le Zèbre des plaines vit de l’extrémité sud du Sahara jusqu'en Afrique du Sud, généralement dans les savanes. Pendant la dernière période pluviale du Sahara, son aire géographique incluait aussi le Sahara. Il est le plus souvent absent des forêts humides et des déserts."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Zèbre des plaines","en":"Plains zebra"},"scientificName":"Equus quagga","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Equus quagga","inaturalistId":43335,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245305"},"entityId":"Q245305"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:43694","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:43694","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"African bush elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant","revisionId":1379164273,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T08:38:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379164273","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20bush%20elephant&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — African bush elephant","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), also known as the African savanna elephant, is a species of elephant native to sub-Saharan Africa and the largest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown bulls reaching an average shoulder height of 3.04–3.36 m (10.0–11.0 ft) and a body mass of 5.2–6.9 t (5.7–7.6 short tons); the largest recorded specimen had a shoulder height of 3.96 m (13.0 ft) and an estimated body mass of 10.4 t (11.5 short tons). It is characterised by its long prehensile trunk with two finger-like processes; a concave back; large ears which help reduce body heat; and sturdy tusks that are noticeably curved."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The African bush elephant occurs in sub-Saharan Africa which includes Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Angola, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Mozambique and South Africa. It moves between a variety of habitats, including subtropical and temperate forests, dry and seasonally flooded grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, and agricultural land from sea level to mountain slopes. In Mali and Namibia, it also inhabits desert and semi-desert areas.\n\nPopulations of African bush elephants are increasing in some areas such as the Kruger National Park, where an annual growth of 4.2% was recorded between 2003 and 2015."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Social behaviour","text":"The core of elephant society is the family unit, which mostly comprises several adult cows, their daughters, and their prepubertal sons. Iain Douglas-Hamilton, who observed African bush elephants for 4.5 years in Lake Manyara National Park, coined the term 'kinship group' for two or more family units that have close ties. The family unit is led by a matriarch who at times also leads the kinship group. Groups cooperate in locating food and water, in self-defense, and in caring for offspring (termed allomothering). Group size varies seasonally and between locations. In Tsavo East and Tsavo West National Parks, groups are bigger in the rainy season and areas with open vegetation."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"The African bush elephant is herbivorous. It is a mixed feeder, consuming both grasses as well as woody vegetation (browse), with the proportions varying wildly depending on the habitat and time of year, ranging from almost exclusively grazing to near-total browsing. African bush elephants' consumption of woody plants, particularly their habit of uprooting trees, has the ability to alter the local environment, transforming woodlands into grasslands. African bush elephants also at times consume fruit and serve as seed dispersers. Adults can consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of food per day."}]},"fr":{"title":"Éléphant de savane d'Afrique","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_de_savane_d%27Afrique","revisionId":237438199,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-29T15:27:34Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237438199","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89l%C3%A9phant%20de%20savane%20d'Afrique&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Éléphant de savane d'Afrique","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'Éléphant de savane d'Afrique ou simplement Éléphant de savane (Loxodonta africana) est une espèce de mammifères de la famille des Éléphantidés.\n\nIl s'agit du plus grand (en volume, car la girafe est plus grande, en hauteur) des animaux terrestres vivant actuellement, qui mesure en moyenne 4 mètres au garrot et pèse environ 6 tonnes pour le mâle et 4 tonnes pour la femelle. Cette espèce se rencontre en prairie, marécage et bord de fleuve, jusqu'en Afrique du Sud. Il fait partie des éléphants contemporains survivants.\n\nLes différents éléphants africains ont longtemps été considérés comme des représentants de sous-espèces du taxon Loxodonta africana."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Statut de conservation et menaces","text":"L'éléphant de savane d'Afrique est considéré comme une espèce en danger d'extinction. En 2014, ses effectifs sont évalués à 352 000 individus, soit 30 % de moins qu'en 2007. Leur population générale diminue de façon alarmante, puisqu'une étude de l'ONG Elephants Without Borders l'estimait à 1,3 million en 1979 et à 20 millions avant la colonisation européenne. Le braconnage lié au commerce de l'ivoire, notamment avec le continent asiatique et la perte de l'habitat sont les causes principales de son déclin. En Tanzanie, ou encore au Mozambique, ce sont la moitié des éléphants qui ont été décimés en l'espace de 5 ans (2009-2014)."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Éléphant de savane","en":"African savanna elephant"},"scientificName":"Loxodonta africana","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Loxodonta africana","inaturalistId":43694,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36557"},"entityId":"Q36557"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:43794","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:43794","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"North American beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver","revisionId":1378288209,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T20:54:02Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378288209","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20beaver&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:49.811Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — North American beaver","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two extant beaver species, along with the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber). It is native to North America and has been introduced in South America (Patagonia) and Europe (primarily Finland and Karelia). The North American beaver is one of the national symbols of Canada and the official state mammal of Oregon and New York. North American beavers are widespread across the continental United States, Canada, southern Alaska, and some parts of northern Mexico."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution","text":"Beavers were practically ubiquitous and lived from south of the arctic tundra to the deserts of northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, but were trapped across the continent for economic gain and political competition, leading to regional extirpation in many regions like the Great Plains. Certain areas saw near-extirpations and declining numbers, but not extirpation, partially due to various conservation measures taken, with mixed results, by the Hudson's Bay Company. By the 1900s and 1910s, beavers existed largely in isolated pockets, but where those pockets existed is not well documented."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behavior","text":"Beavers are active mainly at night. They are excellent swimmers and may remain submerged up to 15 minutes. More vulnerable on land, they tend to remain in the water as much as possible. They use their flat, scaly tail both to signal danger by slapping the surface of the water and as a location for fat storage.\n\nThey construct their homes, or \"lodges\", out of sticks, twigs, rocks, and mud in lakes, streams, and tidal river deltas. These lodges may be surrounded by water, or touching land, including burrows dug into river banks. Beavers are well known for building dams across streams and constructing their lodges in the ponds which form."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"Beavers are herbivorous generalists with sophisticated foraging preferences based on taste, coarse physical shape, and odor. Beavers consume a mix of herbaceous and woody plants, which varies considerably in both composition and species diversity by region and season. Beavers feed on bark, cambium, branches, twigs, roots, buds, leaves, stems, sprouts, and in some cases, sap and storax. They prefer aspen and other poplars, but do also eat birch, maple, willow, alder, black cherry, red oak, beech, ash, hornbeam, and occasionally pine, sweetgum, and spruce. Beavers do not prefer red maple, which can be the only tree left standing at the edges of some beaver ponds."}]},"fr":{"title":"Castor du Canada","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_du_Canada","revisionId":239649650,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-19T20:58:33Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239649650","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castor%20du%20Canada&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:52.795Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Castor du Canada","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le castor du Canada (Castor canadensis) est un grand rongeur qui vit près des cours d'eau, des lacs et des étangs en Amérique du Nord, jusqu'au nord du Mexique (où il est menacé de disparition). C'est l'une des deux espèces vivantes du genre Castor (l'autre étant C. fiber, le castor eurasien). Ses populations ont fortement régressé sous la pression de piégeage/chasse exercée par les trappeurs et il a disparu d'une grande partie de son aire de répartition, malgré les élevages qui ont été tentés pour la production de fourrure, au début du XXe siècle notamment."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement","text":"Le castor du Canada est un rongeur terrestre, semi-aquatique, qui vit à proximité des lacs, mares et cours d'eau douce. Il n'hiberne pas, mais accumule des réserves près de son terrier (ou de sa hutte) et dort plus longtemps en hiver.\n\nC'est un animal territorial (en grande partie nocturne s'il se sent menacé) et à l'odorat développé : il distingue olfactivement un grand nombre de composés odorants qui le renseignent sur le sexe et le rang social (individus dominants ou non-dominants) d'autres castors susceptibles d'entrer sur son territoire, ainsi que sur leur prédisposition sexuelle et probablement sur certains aspects de leur état de santé."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Il se nourrit surtout des feuilles et de l'écorce des arbres qu'il coupe (et moindrement du bois), en choisissant spécifiquement certaines essences, qu'il utilise aussi pour la construction de ses barrages là où il doit en construire pour conserver un niveau d'eau qui lui convienne.\n\nEn été, il se nourrit aussi d'herbacées et de plantes aquatiques. En hiver il se nourrit en grande partie des réserves qu'il a accumulées les mois précédents (voir ci-dessous)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Des modèles informatiques prédictifs de l'habitat du castor à grande échelle sont en cours de mise au point, qui aideront à prévenir des dommages que les castors peuvent faire aux infrastructures et à mieux gérer les espèces (faune, flore) qui dépendent de la présence d'étangs et barrages de castors."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Castor du Canada","en":"North American beaver"},"scientificName":"Castor canadensis","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Castor canadensis","inaturalistId":43794,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81056"},"entityId":"Q81056"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:4504","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:4504","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Atlantic puffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_puffin","revisionId":1375007520,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-15T09:53:37Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375007520","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20puffin&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Atlantic puffin","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica), also known as the common puffin, is a species of seabird in the auk family. It is the only puffin native to the Atlantic Ocean; two related species, the tufted puffin and the horned puffin, are found in the northeastern Pacific. The Atlantic puffin breeds in Russia, Iceland, Ireland, Britain, Norway, Greenland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and the Faroe Islands, and as far south as Maine in the west and France (Brittany). It is most commonly found in the Westman Islands, Iceland. Although it has a large population and a wide range, the species has declined rapidly, at least in parts of its range, resulting in it being rated as vulnerable by the IUCN."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution","text":"The Atlantic puffin is a bird of the colder waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. It breeds on the coasts of northwest Europe, the Arctic fringes, and eastern North America. More than 90% of the global population is found in Europe (4,770,000–5,780,000 pairs, equalling 9,550,000–11,600,000 adults) and colonies in Iceland alone are home to 60% of the world's Atlantic puffins. The largest colony in the western Atlantic (estimated at more than 260,000 pairs) can be found at the Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, south of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour","text":"Like many seabirds, the Atlantic puffin spends most of the year far from land in the open ocean and visits coastal areas only to breed. It is a sociable bird, and it usually breeds in large colonies."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Food and feeding","text":"The Atlantic puffin diet consists almost entirely of fish, though examination of its stomach contents shows that it occasionally eats shrimp, other crustaceans, molluscs, and polychaete worms, especially in more coastal waters. When fishing, it swims underwater using its semi-extended wings as paddles to \"fly\" through the water and its feet as a rudder. It swims fast and can reach considerable depths and stay submerged for up to a minute. It can eat shallow-bodied fish as long as 18 cm (7 in), but its prey is commonly smaller fish, around 7 cm (3 in) long."}]},"fr":{"title":"Macareux moine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macareux_moine","revisionId":239256402,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-05T21:01:58Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239256402","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macareux%20moine&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Macareux moine","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Macareux moine (Fratercula arctica), aussi appelé perroquet de mer ou calculot, est une espèce d'oiseaux marins pélagiques nord-atlantique qui vit en haute mer, sauf lors de sa reproduction qui le contraint à rejoindre la terre ferme où il niche sur les pentes enherbées, les îles ou sur des falaises (insulaires ou continentales)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Le régime alimentaire du Macareux moine se compose presque entièrement de poissons fourrages. Ses proies de prédilection sont ainsi des petits poissons, mesurant entre sept et dix-huit centimètres, comme le lançon, le hareng, le sprat ou le capelan. Cependant, l'examen de son contenu stomacal démontre qu'il mange occasionnellement des crevettes, d'autres crustacés, des mollusques et des vers polychètes, en particulier dans les eaux côtières. Un Macareux moine adulte doit en moyenne avaler quarante-cinq proies par jour.\n\nLorsqu'il pêche, le Macareux moine plonge sous l'eau en utilisant ses ailes semi-étendues qui lui servent de pagaies pour nager."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement social","text":"Cet oiseau peu farouche et curieux, très grégaire en période de nidification, marche et sautille d'une manière souvent jugée comique et malhabile, en dodelinant de la tête. Il vole très mal, mais est un excellent nageur, capable de longues apnées. Bien protégé du froid par une bonne couche de graisse, il est particulièrement adapté à la pêche sous-marine, qu'il pratique habilement souvent à plus de quinze mètres sous la surface par petits groupe de deux ou trois oiseaux.\n\nComme les pingouins, il nage vivement, voire acrobatiquement en utilisant ses courtes ailes et en s'aidant de ses pattes palmées et de sa queue."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Aire de répartition","text":"Cette espèce ne vit que dans l'océan Atlantique nord. C'est la seule espèce de Macareux présente en Atlantique, les trois autres ne vivant que dans l'océan Pacifique. Son aire de répartition était probablement plus importante à la Préhistoire ; il ne se reproduit aujourd'hui que localement sur les côtes isolées d'Europe du Nord, de l'Islande et de la partie orientale de l'Amérique du Nord.\n\nEn Amérique du Nord, il niche du Canada (entre autres, près des îles de la Madeleine sur les rochers aux Oiseaux ainsi que dans la réserve de parc national de l'Archipel-de-Mingan) sur la Côte-Nord, au Québec (Canada)."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Macareux moine","en":"Atlantic puffin"},"scientificName":"Fratercula arctica","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Fratercula arctica","inaturalistId":4504,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26685"},"entityId":"Q26685"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:46001","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:46001","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Red squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_squirrel","revisionId":1373037046,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-03T17:38:57Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373037046","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20squirrel&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Red squirrel","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), also called Eurasian red squirrel, is a species of tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus. It is an arboreal and primarily herbivorous rodent and common throughout Eurasia."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The red squirrel is found in both coniferous forest and temperate broadleaf woodlands. Red squirrel populations are densest in large areas of coniferous forest, with secondary densities in mixed forests, deciduous forests, and parklands. They can also be found in suburban areas and in conifer plantations.\n\nRed squirrels occupy boreal, coniferous woods in northern Europe and Siberia, preferring Scots pine, Norway spruce and Siberian pine. In western and southern Europe they are found in broad-leaved woods where the mixture of tree and shrub species provides a better year-round source of food."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Ecology and behaviour","text":"The red squirrel is diurnal; activity typically begins at sunrise, but continues after sunset. Between 60% and 80% of its active period may be spent foraging and feeding.\n\nRed squirrels do not hibernate. During the winter, however, they may remain within their nest for several days during severe weather.\n\nMovement on the ground alternates between series of leaps and alert postures, during which the squirrel sits upright with erect ears while sniffing the air. Movement in trees is rapid and agile, and squirrels may leap between distinct trees up to four meters apart. Climbing down trees is done headfirst, with frequent pauses."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"The red squirrel eats mostly the seeds of trees, especially conifers, neatly stripping cones to get at the seeds within, alongside acorns and nuts. Other food sources include fruits and berries, fungi, lichens, young plant shoots, vegetables, garden flowers, and tree sap.\n\nMore rarely, red squirrels may also eat invertebrates, bird eggs, or nestlings. A Swedish study shows that out of 600 stomach contents of red squirrels examined, only four contained remnants of birds or eggs.\n\nExcess food is put into caches called \"middens\", either buried or in nooks or holes in trees, and eaten when food is scarce."}]},"fr":{"title":"Écureuil roux","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cureuil_roux","revisionId":240030181,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T13:29:52Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240030181","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cureuil%20roux&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Écureuil roux","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'Écureuil roux ou Écureuil d'Eurasie a pour nom scientifique Sciurus vulgaris. Cette espèce d'écureuils est un petit rongeur arboricole et diurne de la famille des Sciuridés."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"L'Écureuil d'Eurasie cherche sa nourriture d'abord en haut des arbres, surtout en début et en fin de journée. C'est un animal omnivore. Son régime alimentaire est principalement composé de graines, de baies, de germes, de feuilles et de fleurs et parfois d'insectes ou de larves.\n\nIl consomme préférentiellement les graines contenues dans les cônes des conifères, qu'il décortique efficacement en arrachant chaque écaille."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"La maturité sexuelle est atteinte vers un an, à la fin de l'hiver, entre 10 et 12 mois. En moyenne, 296 jours pour les femelles et 320 pour les mâles (parfois 6 mois pour les mâles nés au printemps). Les copulations ont lieu de décembre à juillet, mais surtout de janvier à mars. Le mâle se met en chasse et entre dans le territoire des femelles. Celles-ci sont réceptives pendant 1 seul jour et, une fois fécondées, bannissent le mâle du nid. Seule la femelle s’occupe des petits : elle les transporte ailleurs en cas de dérangement.\n\nLe plus souvent, l'Écureuil roux n'a qu'une seule portée par an, mais il peut en avoir deux, entre février et mars, puis entre mai et août."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat et répartition","text":"L'Écureuil d'Eurasie a depuis la fin de la dernière glaciation recolonisé presque toute l'Europe, du cercle polaire à la Méditerranée, ainsi que l'Asie du Nord à l'est de l'Oural à travers toute la Sibérie, jusqu'au nord de la Chine, la Corée et l'île d’ Hokkaido au Japon.\n\nL'Écureuil roux est d'abord une espèce inféodée aux forêts de conifères et mixtes. Il est ainsi bien présent dans les forêts boréales d'Europe septentrionale et de Sibérie, et dans les forêts montagnardes d'Europe plus méridionale, mais aussi dans les plantations sylvicoles de résineux. Il est associé notamment aux épicéas et aux pins qui lui fournissent une nourriture abondante toute l'année."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Écureuil roux","en":"Red squirrel"},"scientificName":"Sciurus vulgaris","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Sciurus vulgaris","inaturalistId":46001,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4388"},"entityId":"Q4388"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:47219","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:47219","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Western honey bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee","revisionId":1378342627,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-04T02:05:58Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378342627","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western%20honey%20bee&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Western honey bee","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name Apis is Latin for 'bee', and mellifera is the Latin for 'honey-bearing' or 'honey-carrying', referring to the species' production of honey.\n\nLike all honey bee species, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or \"queen\"), many normally non-reproductive females or \"workers\", and a small proportion of fertile males or \"drones\". Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both pheromones and the waggle dance."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The species is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and it spread naturally through Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range, introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America, Australia, New Zealand, and eastern Asia."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Hygienic behavior","text":"Hygienic behavior targeting brood cells consists of three main steps: detection, uncapping and removal. Adults are able to identify the distinct odors associated with healthy or unhealthy broods and subsequently remove the unhealthy ones from the hive. Hygienic behavior effectively responds to Varroa mites, the fungus Ascosphaera apis which causes chalkbrood diseases, and the P. larvae. Freeze-killed brood assay is a simple strategies to assess the hygienic behavior of honey bee colonies."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"As an environmental threat in the Americas","text":"Some entomologists have observed that non-native, feral western honey bees can have negative impacts within their non-native environment. Imported bees may displace native bees, and may also promote reproduction of invasive plants ignored by native pollinators. Other experts are concerned that the established positive association in the public's mind between honeybees and the environment may be misplaced.\n\nHoney bees are not native to the Americas, arriving with colonists in North America in the 18th century.\n\nThe honey-bee is not a native of our continent. Marcgrave indeed mentions a species of honey-bee in Brasil."}]},"fr":{"title":"Apis mellifera","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_mellifera","revisionId":237864370,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-16T11:56:49Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237864370","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apis%20mellifera&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Apis mellifera","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'Abeille européenne, Avette ou Mouche à miel (Apis mellifera) est une abeille à miel originaire d'Europe. Elle est considérée comme semi-domestique. C'est une des abeilles élevées à grande échelle en apiculture pour produire du miel et pour la pollinisation.\n\nLe nom de genre Apis est le terme latin pour « abeille », et l'épithète spécifique mellifera signifie « qui produit du miel ».\n\nL'abeille européenne occupe désormais tous les continents sauf l'Antarctique. En raison de sa grande diffusion, cette espèce est le pollinisateur le plus important pour l'agriculture à l'échelle mondiale. Un certain nombre de ravageurs et de maladies menacent l'abeille, en particulier le syndrome d'effondrement des colonies."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"La reine mesure de 15 à 20 millimètres de long et les ouvrières entre 11 et 13 millimètres. Cependant certaines sous-espèces des climats plus chauds de l'Afrique sont plus petites. On peut facilement reconnaître la reine à sa taille et son abdomen élargi.\n\nLa couleur de base de l'abeille occidentale est brune, avec les premiers segments abdominaux jaune, orange à rouge. Le thorax poilu est jaune brunâtre. Contrairement à une croyance populaire, l'abdomen de l'abeille n'est pas coloré en noir et jaune. Les illustrations colorées dans les livres pour enfants, par exemple, correspondent en fait à la coloration abdominale jaune et noir de la guêpe."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Les abeilles adultes se nourrissent principalement de pollen et de miel élaboré à partir de nectar. Le miel est leur réserve de nourriture pour l'hiver. La butineuse peut aussi consommer directement le nectar prélevé sur les fleurs comme « carburant » pour retourner à la ruche.\n\nLe miel constitue un apport énergétique (glucides). Le pollen est lui principalement constitué de protéines et de lipides. Le pollen est donc indispensable à l'ouvrière notamment dans les premiers jours de sa vie pour terminer le développement de son organisme. Les nourrices aussi utilisent de grandes quantités de pollen pour fabriquer les protéines de la gelée royale."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Les premiers ancêtres d'Apis mellifera sont originaires d'Afrique d'où ils ont essaimé deux fois : une première vague de migration vers l’ouest en Europe, une seconde (voire plusieurs) vers l'est, l’Asie et l’Europe orientale.\n\nAu cours de l'histoire, l'abeille a évolué grâce à une forte diversité génétique. En effet, la reine de cette espèce s'unit au cours du vol nuptial à une ou deux douzaines de faux bourdons (phénomène de polyandrie), puis pond des ovules non fécondés donnant des mâles, et des ovules fécondés donnant des ouvrières qui forment une ou deux douzaines de groupes de demi-sœurs."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Abeille domestique","en":"Western honey bee"},"scientificName":"Apis mellifera","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Apis mellifera","inaturalistId":47219,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30034"},"entityId":"Q30034"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:48662","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:48662","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Monarch butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly","revisionId":1377164427,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-28T03:53:07Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377164427","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarch%20butterfly&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:34.803Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Monarch butterfly","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The monarch butterfly or simply monarch (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae. Other common names, depending on region, include milkweed, common tiger, wanderer, and black-veined brown. It is among the most familiar of North American butterflies and an iconic pollinator, although it is not an especially effective pollinator of milkweeds. Its wings feature an easily recognizable black, orange, and white pattern, with a wingspan of 8.9–10.2 cm (3.5–4.0 in). A Müllerian mimic, the viceroy butterfly, is similar in color and pattern, but is markedly smaller and has an extra black stripe across each hindwing."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The range of the western and eastern populations of D. p. plexippus expands and contracts depending upon the season. The range differs between breeding areas, migration routes, and winter roosts. However, no genetic differences between the western and eastern monarch populations exist; reproductive isolation has not led to subspeciation of these populations, as it has elsewhere within the species' range.\n\nIn the Americas, the monarch ranges from southern Canada through northern South America."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Threats","text":"In February 2015, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) reported a study that showed that nearly a billion monarchs had vanished from the butterfly's overwintering sites since 1990. The agency attributed the monarch's decline partly to a loss of milkweed caused by herbicides that farmers and homeowners had used.\n\nIn 2018, a study correlated monarch butterfly decline to the fact that 95% of corn and soybean crops grown in the United States used genetically modified seeds resistant to the herbicide glyphosate."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat loss due to herbicide use and genetically modified crops","text":"Declines in milkweed abundance and monarch populations between 1999 and 2010 are correlated with the adoption of herbicide-tolerant genetically modified (GM) corn and soybeans, which now constitute 89% and 94% of these crops, respectively, in the U.S. GM corn and soybeans are resistant to the effect of the herbicide glyphosate. Some conservationists attribute the disappearance of milkweed to agricultural practices in the Midwest, where GM seeds are bred to resist herbicides that farmers use to kill unwanted plants that grow near their rows of food crops.\n\nIn 2015, the Natural Resources Defense Council filed a suit against the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)."}]},"fr":{"title":"Monarque (papillon)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarque_(papillon)","revisionId":240201114,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-09T00:04:49Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240201114","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarque%20(papillon)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:38.607Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Monarque (papillon)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le monarque (Danaus plexippus) est une espèce de papillons de la famille des Nymphalidae (sous-famille des Danainae), principalement américaine.\n\nCe grand papillon est célèbre pour ses migrations de grande ampleur en Amérique, où il se déplace par groupes de millions d'individus sur des distances pouvant atteindre 4 000 km, deux fois par an, d'août à octobre vers le sud (surtout au Mexique), et au printemps vers le nord. Les écailles des ailes jouent un rôle crucial dans la migration, par un effet de tampon aérodynamique qui diminue le frottement."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Aire de répartition","text":"Espèce ubiquiste, le monarque est présent dans une grande partie de l'Amérique du Nord (atteignant au nord le 50e parallèle), aux Antilles, en Amérique centrale et dans le nord de l'Amérique du Sud (il est remplacé plus au sud par Danaus erippus), mais aussi dans plusieurs îles éloignées de l'Amérique, par exemple aux îles Canaries, à Hawaï, en Australie, en Nouvelle-Zélande, en Nouvelle-Guinée, en Nouvelle-Calédonie et jusqu'aux Mascareignes.\n\nEn Europe, il est observé en tant que migrateur occasionnel aux Açores et au Portugal, et il est un migrateur exceptionnel en France, en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Menaces et protection","text":"Étant donné la diminution importante des populations de monarques observée au Mexique et en Californie depuis les années 1990, la situation de l'espèce préoccupe plusieurs groupes environnementaux et gouvernements. En juillet 2022, le monarque migrateur (Danaus plexippus plexippus) est ajouté à la liste rouge de l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature. Au Canada, le Monarque dispose du statut légal d'espèce en péril. Aux États-Unis, l'espèce est en évaluation pour déterminer si elle sera inscrite à l'Endangered species act."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Monarque","en":"Monarch butterfly"},"scientificName":"Danaus plexippus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Danaus plexippus","inaturalistId":48662,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212398"},"entityId":"Q212398"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:51702","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:51702","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Coccinella septempunctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella_septempunctata","revisionId":1371337462,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-25T23:43:19Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371337462","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coccinella%20septempunctata&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Coccinella septempunctata","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Coccinella septempunctata, commonly known as the seven-spot ladybird (in North America, seven-spotted ladybug, seven-spotted lady beetle), often abbreviated C-7, is a carnivorous beetle native to Europe, most of Asia, and North Africa. It inhabits many regions with a temperate climate. The beetle has been introduced to several other areas, including North America as a biological pest control agent to combat aphid infestations. It is one of approximately 5,000 species of ladybird worldwide. Tatia Bauer states that C. septempunctata's ability to adapt to many different habitats makes it \"one of the most successful aphidophagous insects\".\n\nC. septempunctata was first described and named in 1758 by the Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction and lifecycle","text":"Coccinella septempunctata has a four-stage life cycle: egg to four larval instars, to pupa, to adult. The cycle time from egg through to adult ladybird is about six weeks. C. septempunctata can breed up to five generations per year.\n\nThe breeding season begins towards the end of spring, and reproduction occurs through copulation. Ladybirds start breeding as soon as they reach sexual maturity, which occurs ten to fourteen days after they emerge as adults. Courtship is initiated by male ladybirds, but immature females or females ready to lay eggs will resist a male's advances. Females release volatile sex pheromones (\"calling behaviour\") to attract males."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"The adult and larval stages of Coccinella septempunctata feed on aphids, which are essential for their own development and reproduction. They consume at least twenty-four different species of aphid. Some aphid species, such as the lupin aphid (Macrosiphum albifrons), are harmful to seven-spot ladybirds. M. albifrons feed largely on alkaloid-rich lupin plants, and absorb compounds from the host plant that are toxic to some coccinellid species. Gruppe and Roemer stated that these aphids \"have a narcotizing effect when eaten by C. septempunctata\"."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution, habitat and status","text":"Coccinella septempunctata was first described and named in 1758 by Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The species has a broad ecological range, and inhabits regions with a temperate climate, abundant vegetation, and concentrations of aphids to feed on. The beetle originated in many areas across the Palearctic realm, and is currently found throughout Europe (including the British Isles and European Russia), most of Asia (including the Middle East, China, Japan, the Koreas, India and Pakistan), and North Africa."}]},"fr":{"title":"Coccinella septempunctata","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella_septempunctata","revisionId":240139974,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-06T20:16:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240139974","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coccinella%20septempunctata&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Coccinella septempunctata","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La coccinelle à sept points (Coccinella septempunctata) est une espèce de coccinelles de l'écozone paléarctique, courante en Europe. Surnommée « bête à bon Dieu » depuis le Moyen Âge, elle est perçue comme un porte-bonheur et a souvent des surnoms à connotation religieuse : « poulette de la Madone » en Italie, « scarabée de Marie » ou « petit veau du Seigneur » en allemand (en allemand : Marienkäfer ou Himmelskuchlichen), « bestiole ou oiseau de la Vierge » en anglais (en anglais : ladybug ou ladybird)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution et habitat","text":"Espèce paléarctique, cette coccinelle est pléiotope (grande variété d'habitats) et sténophage, aussi vit-elle aussi bien dans les forêts, toundras, littoraux que dans les hautes montagnes mais elle privilégie les plaines cultivées où se concentrent les pucerons sur la végétation basse. Les populations japonaises sont considérées comme une sous-espèce distincte, Coccinella septempunctata brucki ."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Les élytres sont rouges avec un rebord en gouttière élytrale, ils ont chacun 3 points noirs plus un point supplémentaire sur la jonction des deux (point sutural noir sur le sillon élytral à la jonction du scutellum, encadré par deux taches blanches de forme triangulaire), pour un total de sept, dont l’espèce dérive à la fois son nom vernaculaire et son nom scientifique (du latin septem = « sept » et punctus = « point »). Une tache blanche est présente derrière les yeux tandis que le thorax présente deux points blanc crème."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Régime alimentaire","text":"Le régime alimentaire sténophage de la larve comme de l'adulte consiste en des proies herbivores au corps mou telles que des cochenilles, acariens ou larves d'insectes, parfois des spores de champignons, du nectar et des débris végétaux mais surtout les pucerons qui représentent 60 % de sa nourriture : elle peut en manger jusqu’à 100 par jour. Cette prédatrice vorace aphidiphage est utilisée par les jardiniers et des cultivateurs pour la lutte biologique. Elle a été introduite à cet effet, à partir des années 1950 aux États-Unis où elle est devenue l'emblème de six États : Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvanie et Tennessee."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Coccinelle à sept points","en":"Seven-spot ladybird"},"scientificName":"Coccinella septempunctata","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Coccinella septempunctata","inaturalistId":51702,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159543"},"entityId":"Q159543"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:53905","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:53905","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"European mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_mantis","revisionId":1376506820,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-24T15:38:59Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376506820","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European%20mantis&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — European mantis","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The European mantis (Mantis religiosa) is a large hemimetabolic insect in the family Mantidae, which is the largest family of the order Mantodea (mantises). Their common name praying mantis is derived from the distinctive posture of the first pair of legs, which can be observed when the mantis is in repose, resembling a praying position. Both males and females have elongated bodies with two pairs of wings. The most striking features that the species (and all mantodeans) have are a very mobile, triangular head with large compound eyes and their first pair of legs (the 'raptorial legs'), which is highly modified for the efficient capture and restraint of fast-moving or flying prey."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution","text":"M. religiosa can be found throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as North America, where it is considered introduced. Two confirmed stable populations are in Germany: one in Rhineland-Palatinate and one in Baden-Württemberg. In the last years, more reports have been made of the distribution of the animals in Northern Europe (Latvia, Estonia), as well.\n\nWhile it was formerly absent from the British Isles, M. religiosa occurs—and has been recorded breeding—on the Channel Islands, with a particularly abundant population on the island of Jersey, suggesting that the species may be capable of expanding its range north to Great Britain."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution in North America","text":"In North America, it is found throughout much of the northeastern United States, Ontario, Quebec, and in much of the west coast. A genetic study shows that Ontario and Quebec's mantises are descended from two closely related lineages from western France.\n\nDespite being an introduced species, it is the official state insect of Connecticut."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"The sexual behavior of praying mantis in general is curious, so has received interest from scientists over the last century. The differences between the various species are well known.\n\nIn M. religiosa, courtship and mating are separated into two steps: Preliminary courtship begins with the first visual contact between the animals and ends with the first physical contact.\n\nOnly a few days after the final moult into adults, the animals begin to show interest in the opposite sex; this point is marked as the achievement of sexual maturity. Males have been observed to be most attracted to females during the middle of the day when the temperature is hottest."}]},"fr":{"title":"Mante religieuse","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mante_religieuse","revisionId":239751839,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-23T14:41:57Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239751839","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mante%20religieuse&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Mante religieuse","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La Mante religieuse (Mantis religiosa) est une espèce d'insectes de la famille des Mantidae originaire du bassin méditerranéen, introduite en Asie et en Amérique du Nord."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Les deux sexes sont aptes au vol ; néanmoins, la femelle alourdie à l'approche de la ponte ne peut se déplacer que grâce à ses pattes postérieures qualifiées de déambulatoires. Le mâle est plus petit que la femelle de 2 ou 3 cm mais son caractère très fluet donne souvent l'impression d'une disparité allant du simple au double. Ses antennes sont plus longues, son abdomen est plus fin, et on compte huit sternums pour le mâle contre six pour la femelle. L'extrémité de l'abdomen est différente car, si le mâle porte deux cerques comme la femelle, on observe, entre ceux-ci, deux styles et l'absence d'oviscapte."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition","text":"Originaire du bassin méditerranéen, la Mante religieuse s'est répandue en Asie jusqu'au Japon. Ses stations les plus nordiques semblent se situer à l'est des monts Oural. Sur le continent africain, outre le Maghreb, elle est également présente au cap de Bonne-Espérance. Elle est considérée comme espèce invasive en Amérique du Nord depuis le début du XXe siècle et est présente de l'est de la rivière Mississippi jusqu'au nord-ouest de la côte Pacifique. Elle a été introduite dans l’État de New York en 1899 pour lutter contre les insectes ravageurs. Au Canada, on la trouve aujourd'hui au Québec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Mante religieuse","en":"European mantis"},"scientificName":"Mantis religiosa","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Mantis religiosa","inaturalistId":53905,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268319"},"entityId":"Q268319"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:56529","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:56529","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Papilio machaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_machaon","revisionId":1368918577,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-11T21:17:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368918577","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papilio%20machaon&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Papilio machaon","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Papilio machaon, the Old World swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. The butterfly is also known as the common yellow swallowtail or simply the swallowtail (a common name applied to all members of the family, but this species was the first to be given the name). It is the type species of the genus Papilio. This widespread species is found in much of the Palearctic and in North America."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and status","text":"This butterfly is present throughout the entire Palearctic region, ranging from Russia to China and Japan, (including the Himalayas and Taiwan), and across into Alaska, Canada, and the United States, and thus, is not restricted to the Old World, despite the common name. In Asia, it is reported as far south as Saudi Arabia, Oman, the high mountains of Yemen, Lebanon, Iran and Israel. In southern Asia, it occurs in Pakistan and Kashmir, northern India (Sikkim, to Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan, and northern Myanmar.\n\nThis butterfly is widespread in Europe. In the United Kingdom, it is limited to a few areas in the Norfolk Broads of East Anglia."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"The imago typically has yellow wings with black vein markings, and a wingspan of 65–86 millimetres (2.6–3.4 in). The hindwings of both sexes have a pair of protruding tails which give the butterfly its common name from the resemblance to the birds of the same name. Just below each tail is one red and six blue eye spots.\n\nIn the caterpillar stage, P. machaon has a length of 45 millimetres (1.8 in). When young, the caterpillar resembles a bird dropping, giving it camouflage. The caterpillar also protects itself using a large orange fork which protrudes behind its head."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Ecology","text":"The butterfly has a strong and fast flight, but frequently pauses to hover over flowering herbs and sip nectar. It frequents alpine meadows and hillsides, and males are fond of 'hilltopping', congregating near summits to compete for passing females. At lower elevations, it can be seen visiting gardens.\n\nIn Central Europe, the species frequently colonizes cultural landscapes and domestic gardens where host plants are available. Female butterflies are often observed ovipositing on young sprouts of cultivated umbellifers such as dill (Anethum graveolens) or parsley (Petroselinum crispum), even in early spring (April)."}]},"fr":{"title":"Machaon (papillon)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaon_(papillon)","revisionId":236365487,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-20T01:28:25Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236365487","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machaon%20(papillon)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Machaon (papillon)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Machaon ou Grand porte-queue (Papilio machaon) est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Papilionidae. Présent dans la plupart des régions tempérées de l'hémisphère nord, ce grand papillon est particulièrement connu du grand public en Europe où il est commun."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Répartition","text":"Cette espèce possède une vaste aire de répartition couvrant pratiquement tout l'hémisphère nord tempéré : elle se rencontre en Europe, en Afrique du Nord, dans les régions tempérées de l'Asie jusqu'au Japon, ainsi que dans une partie de l'Amérique du Nord. Elle est présente dans presque toute l'Europe, mais semble se raréfier en Europe centrale et est absente d'Irlande.\n\nEn France métropolitaine, le Machaon est présent dans tous les départements, y compris en Corse où il cohabite avec l'espèce endémique cyrno-sarde Papilio hospiton avec laquelle il s'hybride parfois."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitats","text":"Le Machaon fréquente des habitats ouverts variés, en faible densité, et a une tendance dispersive, à la limite de la migration.\n\nOn le trouve surtout dans des sites humides en Europe du Nord, dans des lieux herbus secs ou humides en Europe médiane, et en Europe méditerranéenne dans tout habitat où poussent ses plantes-hôtes. À basse altitude, il se reproduit dans les friches, prairies fleuries et aux abords des cultures, mais on le rencontre souvent entre 1 000 et 2 000 m du fait de sa tendance dispersive, et parfois jusqu'à 3 000 m."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Protection","text":"Le Machaon est protégé en Slovaquie, Hongrie, Roumanie, Moldavie et dans certaines régions d'Autriche (Carinthie, Haute-Autriche, Vorarlberg) et d'Allemagne (Bade-Wurtemberg, Bavière, Saxe-Anhalt).\n\nIl est protégé en Suisse dans les cantons d'Argovie, Berne, Genève, Obwald, Soleure et Vaud.\n\nIl est déclaré vulnérable en Corée du Sud et noté sur le Red Data Book en Russie. En Inde, Papilio machaon verityi est protégé."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Machaon","en":"Old World swallowtail"},"scientificName":"Papilio machaon","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Papilio machaon","inaturalistId":56529,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179530"},"entityId":"Q179530"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:61749","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:61749","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Lucanus cervus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucanus_cervus","revisionId":1363170584,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-08T14:10:09Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363170584","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucanus%20cervus&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Lucanus cervus","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Lucanus cervus, known as the European stag beetle, or the greater stag beetle, is one of the best-known species of stag beetle (family Lucanidae) in Western Europe, and is the eponymous example of the genus. L. cervus is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"Lucanus cervus is widespread across Europe, though it is absent from Ireland. In Germany it is widespread, mainly in the south. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas. In Romania it is widespread, especially in the hilly areas with sun exposed slopes. It also occurs in the European part of Turkey. In Italy it is mainly distributed in northern and central regions. In Spain and Portugal it is present only in the northern half of each country. In Britain it is largely confined to the south-east of England, where it is widespread. This species is now extinct in Latvia; it also disappeared from Denmark around 1970, but was reintroduced in 2013."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour and ecology","text":"The natural reaction of the beetle to an approaching large object is to remain motionless, making them a good photographic subject."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Protection","text":"Lucanus cervus is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. Although this species is widely distributed in Europe, it is in significant decline in the north and central part of its range and future trends of European forests will pose serious threats to this species, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.\n\nLucanus cervus is registered in the second appendix of the Habitats Directive of the European Union from 1992, which requires that member states set aside special areas of conservation."}]},"fr":{"title":"Lucanus cervus","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucanus_cervus","revisionId":230923632,"revisionTimestamp":"2025-11-25T05:02:17Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=230923632","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucanus%20cervus&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Lucanus cervus","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Lucanus cervus est une espèce de coléoptères de la famille des Lucanidae, sous-famille des Lucaninae, de la tribu des Lucanini et du genre Lucanus, vivant en Europe. Il est couramment appelé Cerf-Volant (pour le mâle) ou Grande Biche (pour la femelle) ; Lucane est la forme française du nom générique Lucanus donné par Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. Dans certaines campagnes françaises (Poitou ou Limousin, par exemple), il est également désigné sous le nom vernaculaire de cornard."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Ces coléoptères aux larves saproxylophages peuvent mesurer jusqu'à 8,5 voire 9 centimètres de long, ce qui est particulièrement grand pour un insecte. C'est le plus grand coléoptère d'Europe. La taille de l'individu résulte de la qualité nutritionnelle du bois, mais, dans certaines régions du Sud-Ouest de la France, les Lucanes ont tendance à être plus grands que la moyenne.\n\nL'imago se présente sous la forme d'un gros coléoptère brun-noir avec des nuances bordeaux. Le mâle est doté de mandibules spectaculaires par leur taille, dont la forme évoque des bois de cerf, d'où le nom de « Cerf-volant »."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction et mort","text":"La reproduction se fait vers juillet. Les mâles et les femelles se retrouvent sur des chênes malades, dont ils lèchent les plaies pour se nourrir. Le mâle utilise ses grandes mandibules pour amener sous lui la femelle, et pour attraper et éjecter les concurrents à la manière d'un lutteur grec. Une fois la femelle rabattue sous lui, il reste au-dessus d'elle, tirant parti de sa plus grande taille pour la couvrir physiquement et l'enfermer entre ses pattes.[réf. nécessaire] Le couple peut aussi se placer au-dessus d'une plaie de l'arbre pour profiter du jus qui en sort.\n\nLe couple peut s'accoupler plusieurs fois, durant de courtes périodes (environ 2 minutes chacune)."},{"kind":"conservation","heading":"Statut de protection","text":"L'espèce n'est pas protégée en France. Elle continue à se raréfier géographiquement, en gardant des poches de présence.\n\nLe lucane cerf-volant est inscrit à l'annexe II de la directive européenne « habitats faune flore » de 1992, dont la protection nécessite la mise en place par les États-membres de zones spéciales de conservation, ainsi qu'à l'annexe III de la convention de Berne.\n\nIl niche dans les cavités des vieux arbres et des troncs morts, en forêt comme dans le bocage. La gestion forestière, en éliminant les vieux arbres et le bois mort, élimine à la fois son habitat et sa nourriture."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Lucane cerf-volant","en":"European stag beetle"},"scientificName":"Lucanus cervus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Lucanus cervus","inaturalistId":61749,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190491"},"entityId":"Q190491"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:6921","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:6921","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Mute swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan","revisionId":1379226171,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T18:10:38Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379226171","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mute%20swan&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Mute swan","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The mute swan (Cygnus olor) is a species of swan and a member of the family Anatidae within the waterfowl order. It is native to much of Europe and parts of Asia and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is an introduced species in North America, home to the largest populations outside of its native range, with additional smaller introductions in Australasia and Southern Africa. The name \"mute\" derives from it being less vocal than other swan species. Typically measuring 140 to 160 cm (55 to 63 in) in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage, with an orange beak bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the beak, which is larger in males."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Behaviour","text":"Unlike black swans, mute swans are usually strongly territorial, with just a single pair on smaller lakes, though in a few locations where a large area of suitable feeding habitat is found, they can be colonial. The largest colonies have over 100 pairs, such as at the colony at Abbotsbury Swannery in Southern England and at the southern tip of Öland, Ottenby Preserve, in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea; they can have nests spaced as little as 2 m (7 ft) apart. Non-mated juveniles up to 3–4 years old commonly form larger flocks, which can total several hundred birds, often at regular traditional sites."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet","text":"They feed on a wide range of vegetation, both by reaching submerged aquatic plants with their long necks and by grazing on land. The food commonly includes agricultural crop plants such as oilseed rape and wheat, and in winter, feeding flocks may cause significant crop damage — often as much through trampling with their large webbed feet as through direct consumption. Mute swans also feed on small proportions of aquatic insects, fish, and frogs."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The mute swan is found naturally mainly in temperate areas of Europe and across the Palearctic, as far east as Primorsky Krai, near Sidemi."}]},"fr":{"title":"Cygne tuberculé","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygne_tubercul%C3%A9","revisionId":240220189,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-09T16:52:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240220189","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cygne%20tubercul%C3%A9&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Cygne tuberculé","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Cygne tuberculé ou Cygne muet (Cygnus olor) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Anatidae. Le premier nom de l'animal provient de la bosse qu'il a sur le bec, appelée tubercule, et le second du fait qu'il émet de rares cris plutôt de faible puissance.\n\nC'est l'un des plus lourds oiseaux capables de voler, les mâles pesant en moyenne environ 10,2 kg (parfois jusqu'à 13 kg) et les femelles environ 8,4 kg. Les adultes mesurent de 125 à 170 cm de long avec une envergure de 200 à 240 cm. Il est cependant légèrement moins grand que le Cygne trompette (Cygnus buccinator), présent en Amérique du Nord, et à peu près équivalent au Cygne chanteur (Cygnus cygnus), présent en Eurasie."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Elle est constituée principalement de plantes aquatiques submergées comme l'élodée du Canada, des joncs, des characées du genre Chara, des algues vertes mais aussi des feuilles de jeunes saules. Le Cygne tuberculé consomme dans une moindre proportion plusieurs espèces d'amphibiens, de mollusques et de petits organismes aquatiques. Au Michigan, les cygnes se nourrissent de matière animale surtout en période de mue ou tôt au printemps alors que la végétation est plus rare. Le Cygne tuberculé préfère les plans d'eau dont la profondeur lui permet d'atteindre le fond (jusqu'à un mètre) avec son long cou."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement social","text":"Le Cygne tuberculé est agressif envers les intrus sur son territoire. Mais il peut être apprivoisable. Le cygne tuberculé montre son agressivité en battant des ailes et en frappant l'eau avec ses pieds palmés, ce qui produit un son pouvant s'entendre à plusieurs centaines de mètres. Lors des confrontations, l'adulte (généralement le mâle mais parfois la femelle) poursuit son rival avec la tête et le cou posés sur le corps, les ailes relevées et le bec pointé vers l'avant et près du cou. Cette posture est caractéristique des interactions agressives chez le Cygne tuberculé."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Le Cygne tuberculé préfère les plans d'eau calmes avec des berges peu profondes, souvent avec des roselières, et surtout assez riches en plantes aquatiques dont il se nourrit. Il tolère bien les habitats eutrophiques.\n\nEn hiver, certains groupes fréquentent également les eaux marines le long des côtes et dans les baies abritées, les lagunes et les estuaires."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Cygne tuberculé","en":"Mute swan"},"scientificName":"Cygnus olor","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Cygnus olor","inaturalistId":6921,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25402"},"entityId":"Q25402"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:6930","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:6930","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard","revisionId":1378020946,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-02T13:50:09Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378020946","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mallard&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Mallard","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The mallard () or wild duck (Anas platyrhynchos) is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout temperate and subtropical North America, Eurasia, and North Africa. It has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa. Belonging to the subfamily Anatinae of the waterfowl family Anatidae, mallards live in wetlands, eat water plants and small animals, and are social animals preferring to congregate in groups or flocks of varying sizes.\n\nMales (drakes) have green heads, while the females (ducks) have mainly brown-speckled plumage."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Vocal behaviour","text":"A noisy species, the female has the deep quack stereotypically associated with ducks. The female will often call with a sequence of 2–10 quacks in a row, starting loud and with the volume gradually decreasing. Male mallards make a sound phonetically similar to that of the female, a typical quack, but it is deeper and quieter compared to that of the female."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The mallard is widely distributed across the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; in North America its range extends from southern and central Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across the Palearctic, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea. Also in the east, it ranges to south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere. It is strongly migratory in the northern parts of its breeding range, and winters farther south."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Feeding","text":"The mallard is omnivorous and very flexible in its choice of food. Its diet may vary based on several factors, including the stage of the breeding cycle, short-term variations in available food, nutrient availability, and interspecific and intraspecific competition. The majority of the mallard's diet seems to be made up of gastropods, insects (including beetles, flies, lepidopterans, dragonflies, and caddisflies), crustaceans, other arthropods, worms, feces of other birds, many varieties of seeds and plant matter, and roots and tubers."}]},"fr":{"title":"Canard colvert","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard_colvert","revisionId":240199890,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T23:01:54Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240199890","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canard%20colvert&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Canard colvert","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Canard colvert, col-vert (Anas platyrhynchos), ou Canard malard au Canada, est une espèce d'oiseaux de l'ordre des Ansériformes, de la famille des Anatidae et de la sous-famille des Anatinae. C'est certainement le plus connu et reconnaissable de tous les canards, du fait de l'existence de races de canards domestiques issues de cette espèce."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement général","text":"Le colvert est le canard le moins farouche. Il s'acclimate facilement à la vie urbaine et craint peu l'homme. Il se reproduit fréquemment avec d'autres espèces (Canard noir (Anas rubripes) qui habite l'Amérique, Canard pilet (Anas acuta) qui habite l'Europe ou son congénère le canard domestique), ce qui peut poser des problèmes de pollution génétique au sein des populations sauvages (et domestiques). Il est très grégaire en dehors des périodes de reproduction, les femelles sont très fidèles aux mêmes territoires où elles retournent tous les ans."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"Le colvert appartient au groupe des canards barboteurs, ceux qui préfèrent s'alimenter en surface, ou à faible profondeur d'eau, en avançant à coups de pattes circulaires et alternés : il plonge la tête dans l'eau et bascule vers l'avant, ce qui lui permet d'atteindre le fond de l'eau avec son bec. Il s'aventure aussi sur les prairies pour brouter. Il est omnivore et se nourrit de poissons et d'herbes, de graines et de vers, de têtards et d'insectes."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"Ce canard vit dans les zones humides d'eau douce, que ce soit dans les marais, les étangs et les lacs ou les rivières calmes, dans toutes les régions tempérées et subtropicales d'Amérique du Nord, d'Europe, d'Asie, de la Nouvelle-Zélande, et d'Australie, du niveau de la mer jusqu'à 2 000 mètres d'altitude. Il vit sur l'eau, et ne va sur la terre ferme que pour la nidification et le repos. Cette espèce est migratrice au nord de son aire de répartition. Par exemple, les spécimens d'Amérique du Nord hivernent dans le Sud du Mexique, et pour quelques-uns d'entre eux en Amérique Centrale et aux Caraïbes de septembre à mai ; ceux d'Europe peuvent hiverner en Afrique du Nord."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Canard colvert","en":"Mallard"},"scientificName":"Anas platyrhynchos","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Anas platyrhynchos","inaturalistId":6930,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25348"},"entityId":"Q25348"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:73222","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:73222","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Greater flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_flamingo","revisionId":1379504532,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-10T11:04:55Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379504532","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater%20flamingo&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Greater flamingo","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the largest and most widespread species of the flamingo family. Common in the Old World, they are found in Northern (coastal) and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent (south of the Himalayas), Central Asia, the Middle East, the Levant, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution","text":"It is found in parts of Northern Africa (including coastal areas of northern Algeria, Egypt further inland along the Nile River, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia), portions of Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda), Southern Asia (coastal Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), the Western Asia (Bahrain, Cyprus, Iraq, Iran, Oman, Israel, Palestine, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates) and Southern Europe (including Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, France in the Camargue and Corsica, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, Spain and the Balearic Islands, and Turkey)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Diet and feeding","text":"The greater flamingo resides in mudflats and shallow coastal lagoons with salt water. Using its feet, the bird stirs up the mud, then sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, brine shrimp, other crustaceans, seeds (such as rice), blue-green algae, microalgae, other microscopic organisms (such as diatoms), aquatic insects and their larvae (such as chironomids), molluscs, annelids, nematodes, and small fish. The greater flamingo feeds with its head down, its upper jaw movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"Unlike many other species of long-lived birds, greater flamingos do not form pair bonds that last over consecutive breeding seasons. When considering prospective breeding partners, there appears to be a preference for older, more experienced individuals. As both sexes seem to show this preference, pairs tend to consist of individuals of similar age. The species is well known for their courtship displays in large mixed-sexed groups. The complexity of an individual's courtship display may indicate that individual's age and fitness; display complexity increases until around 20 years of age, after which it begins to decrease."}]},"fr":{"title":"Flamant rose","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamant_rose","revisionId":239443297,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-12T23:09:36Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239443297","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flamant%20rose&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Flamant rose","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le Flamant rose (Phoenicopterus roseus) est une espèce d'oiseaux Phoenicopteriformes de la famille des Phoenicopteridae. C'est l'espèce de flamant la plus répandue. Il est présent dans certaines parties de l'Afrique, de l'Asie et du sud de l'Europe.\n\nLes Flamants roses tiennent leur couleur des crustacés, algues et planctons riches en caroténoïdes, pigments naturels rouges et orangés, dont ils se nourrissent.\n\nLes Flamants roses se reproduisent en colonies souvent importantes sur des îles plates, de grandes plages boueuses, des lacs et des baies salés. Ces sites doivent leur offrir l'alimentation nécessaire et une protection contre les prédateurs."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Alimentation","text":"La nourriture des flamants se compose principalement d'animaux aquatiques. Un grand nombre de taxons est concerné, et on retrouve notamment des crustacés (dont les artémies riches en carotènes, qui contribuent à la coloration rose du plumage), des mollusques, des insectes (adultes et larves, telles que les chironomes), des vers, des poissons, leurs œufs ou des algues, etc. Les Flamants roses peuvent également consommer des graines de plantes aquatiques et du riz (ce qui induit des conflits avec les riziculteurs).\n\nLa crevette Artemia salina, dont il se nourrit en abondance, est responsable de la coloration rose de ses plumes."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Reproduction","text":"Comme pour la plupart des oiseaux à longue durée de vie (le Flamant rose atteint facilement trente ans à l’état sauvage), la reproduction est tardive. Bien que les flamants atteignent leur maturité sexuelle vers 3 ou 4 ans, ils commencent généralement à se reproduire plus tard, jusqu’à une dizaine d’années.\n\nLes flamants se reproduisent en vastes colonies pouvant réunir jusqu’à 200 000 couples monogames au cours d’une saison de reproduction (les individus changent de partenaire d’une année à l’autre).\n\nUne fois les partenaires appariés, ils le restent durant toute la durée de la reproduction."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat et répartition","text":"Les Flamants roses se trouvent aussi bien dans des climats tempérés que tropicaux, voire à proximité des plus grands déserts du monde. Leur distribution dépend fortement de la disponibilité en nourriture. Ils se rassemblent dans les eaux saumâtres, salées ou alcalines, où les espèces de crustacés qu'ils mangent prospèrent. Ces plans d'eau s'assèchent généralement de façon saisonnière, car ils sont situés dans des paysages ouverts, comme des savanes ou des steppes, qui favorisent l'évaporation. De plus, les précipitations y sont généralement faibles entre l'automne et le printemps."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Flamant rose","en":"Greater flamingo"},"scientificName":"Phoenicopterus roseus","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Phoenicopterus roseus","inaturalistId":73222,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179863"},"entityId":"Q179863"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:85030","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:85030","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Scarlet dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_dragonfly","revisionId":1354927554,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-19T00:52:24Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354927554","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlet%20dragonfly&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:23.784Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Scarlet dragonfly","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. Its common names include broad scarlet, common scarlet-darter, and scarlet darter."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Status and distribution","text":"The scarlet dragonfly is a common species in southern Europe and throughout Africa. It also occurs across western Asia as far as southern China. It is a very rare vagrant in Britain. Its first record in the country was at Hayle Kimbro Pool, The Lizard, Cornwall, on 7 August 1995. Since then there have been a few further records at scattered coastal or near-coastal locations in southeastern England from Dorset to Norfolk."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Habitat","text":"A wide range of both running and standing waters, except those that are shaded. Adults may be found some distance from water in habitats ranging from desert to open woodland; absent from dense forest."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Crocothemis erythraea can reach a length of 33–44 millimetres (1.3–1.7 in). These dragonflies haves a flattened and rather broad abdomen. The adult male scarlet dragonfly has a bright scarlet red, widened abdomen, with small amber patches at the bases of the hindwings. Also the veins on the leading edges of the wings are red. Females and immatures are yellow-brown and have a conspicuous pale stripe along the top of the thorax."}]},"fr":{"title":"Crocothemis erythraea","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocothemis_erythraea","revisionId":238463378,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-08T15:57:58Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238463378","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocothemis%20erythraea&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:49:28.417Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Crocothemis erythraea","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Crocothemis erythraea, la Libellule écarlate ou Crocothémis écarlate, est une espèce d'insectes odonates anisoptères de la famille des libellulidés."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution","text":"Espèce d'origine africaine, à vaste aire de répartition : répandue en Afrique, dans l'ouest de l'Asie et dans le sud de l'Europe mais en extension marquée vers le nord de l'Europe (apparue en Angleterre depuis 1995). Elle occupe pratiquement toute la France, le Benelux sauf le nord de la Hollande, l'Allemagne (sauf le nord), l'Europe de l'Est jusqu'à la mer Noire, la Turquie."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Crocothémis écarlate","en":"Scarlet dragonfly"},"scientificName":"Crocothemis erythraea","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Crocothemis erythraea","inaturalistId":85030,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409595"},"entityId":"Q1409595"},{"id":"inaturalist:taxon:891696","canonicalId":"inaturalist:taxon:891696","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Eurasian magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_magpie","revisionId":1377999290,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-02T10:32:22Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377999290","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian%20magpie&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Eurasian magpie","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The Eurasian magpie or common magpie (Pica pica) is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family (corvids) that are designated as magpies, and it belongs to the Holarctic radiation of \"monochrome\" magpies. In Europe, the term \"magpie\" is used by English speakers as a synonym for the Eurasian magpie; the only other species of magpie in Europe being the Iberian magpie (Cyanopica cooki), which is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. Despite sharing a name and similar colouration, they are not closely related to the Australian magpie, which is an artamid, only sharing the same clade (Corvides).\n\nThe Eurasian magpie is one of the most intelligent birds."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"The adult male of the nominate subspecies, P. p. pica, is 44–46 cm (17–18 in) in length, more than half of which is the tail. Its wingspan is 52–62 cm (20–24 in). The head, neck, breast and vent are glossy black with a metallic green and violet sheen; the belly and scapulars (shoulder feathers) are pure white; the wings are black glossed with green or purple, and the primaries have white inner webs, conspicuous when the wing is open. The graduated tail is black, glossed with green and reddish purple. The legs and bill are black; the iris is dark brown. The rump is black with white stripe above which varies in thickness between subspecies."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Distribution and habitat","text":"The range of the magpie extends across temperate Eurasia from Portugal, Spain and Ireland in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east.\n\nMagpies prefer open countryside with scattered trees and magpies are normally absent from treeless areas and dense forests. They sometimes breed at high densities in suburban areas such as parks and gardens. They can often be found close to city centres. In Sweden, magpies are exclusively associated with human settlements. It is extremely rare to find a magpie more than a few hundred metres from a human dwelling."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Feeding","text":"The magpie is omnivorous, eating young birds and eggs, small mammals, insects, scraps and carrion, acorns, grain, and other vegetable substances."}]},"fr":{"title":"Pie bavarde","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_bavarde","revisionId":237267044,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-22T19:42:51Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237267044","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pie%20bavarde&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Pie bavarde","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La Pie bavarde (Pica pica) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Corvidae, et l'une des espèces de corvidés parmi les plus répandues en Europe et dans une grande partie de l'Asie. Les pies peuvent aisément être identifiées grâce à leur morphologie et à leur plumage noir et blanc caractéristique. Il existe 13 sous-espèces de pie bavarde."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Régime alimentaire","text":"petits vertébrés, occasionnellement petits rongeurs (dont des campagnols), lézards : moins de 1 % des proies.\n\nLa pie pratique, comme d’autres corvidés, le cleptoparasitisme, en dérobant des proies à d’autres oiseaux et mammifères.\n\nLa proportion de ces aliments varie selon leur disponibilité dans le territoire de chaque pie. Elle mange essentiellement au sol, et des proies animales en été. Une hypothèse est qu'elle pourrait profiter des gazons régulièrement entretenus et des basses strates dégagées des parcs urbains, en bénéficiant de proies plus visibles et accessibles, mais ceci n'est pas confirmé par les études faites en Île-de-France."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Comportement territorial","text":"Comme d'autres corvidés, la pie bavarde, de nature grégaire (en particulier l'hiver), est une espèce bruyante et peu farouche qui aime à vivre dans le voisinage de l'homme et semble apprécier, et de plus en plus, nicher près des habitations et dans les espaces verts où elle atteint ses plus fortes densités. Elle semble y trouver des habitats ouverts et faciles à prospecter (pour la nourriture) et peut-être une protection contre les rapaces et autres prédateurs.\n\nSi elle sait être méfiante et discrète en cas de danger, c'est également un oiseau extrêmement curieux.\n\nLa pie bavarde n'est pas spécialement attirée par les objets brillants, et elle ne les vole pas."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Aire de répartition","text":"La pie bavarde, Pica pica, d'origine holarctique est commune dans toute l'Europe mais aussi en Asie, au nord-ouest de l'Afrique et en Amérique du Nord. L'espèce est plutôt sédentaire mais vagabonde en petits groupes en hiver.\n\nElle est nettement plus rare ou absente en altitude (ex : rare au-dessus de 1 000 m en Rhône-Alpes) et est curieusement absente en Corse alors que des individus traversent parfois la Méditerranée. Elle est incluse dans les trente espèces d'oiseaux les plus répandus en France mais elle est en France plus rare ou absente dans certaines zones chaudes et/ou montagneuses (Savoie ou en Aquitaine) où les monocultures de pins ne semblent pas lui convenir."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"collection":"nature","title":{"fr":"Pie bavarde","en":"Eurasian magpie"},"scientificName":"Pica pica","matchEvidence":{"method":"exact-Wikidata-P225-scientific-name","scientificName":"Pica pica","inaturalistId":891696,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25307"},"entityId":"Q25307"},{"id":"met:1098","canonicalId":"type:bottle","relatedIds":["type:bottle"],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:culture","label":{"fr":"Culture et contexte","en":"Culture and context"},"value":{"fr":"American","en":"American"},"sourceUrl":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/1098","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Blown, pattern-molded glass","en":"Blown, pattern-molded glass"},"sourceUrl":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/1098","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1815–45","en":"1815–45"},"sourceUrl":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/1098","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H. 8 in. 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Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Earrings of five pendants and one ball made of brown hair arranged around a trumpet-shaped support of gold, placed below two gold leaves on a gold ring.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: probably USA","en":"made in: probably USA"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/43709","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Hair, gold","en":"Hair, gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/43709","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1850–75","en":"1850–75"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/43709","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"L x W: 6 x 2 cm (2 3/8 x 13/16 in.)","en":"L x W: 6 x 2 cm (2 3/8 x 13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/43709","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Pair of earrings","en":"Pair of earrings"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"d2e92492de9dd977c61ccac9b02912a00b39b6d6da2006c40f5415de058c7d5b","bulkSha256":"d0634c9f9f27abc3113fae4030820052165e75e540e6dc03c37d92dc30917a29","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1931-61-24","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:ladle","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:ladle"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Punch ladle","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47488","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/19.txt","sourceSha256":"09d4ee64fa0323b6d03fa87842479a615156c81607776b14356c3cf3bdafa1ed","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Punch ladle. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Oval bowl with flaring rim. Flat stem ending in pipe for whalebone handle in straight and twisted sections with silver ferrule and tip. Marks: Lion passant, leopard's head, SA, date letter N, king's head.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: London, England","en":"made in: London, England"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47488","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"S A","en":"S A"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47488","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Silver, horn","en":"Silver, horn"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47488","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1808","en":"1808"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47488","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"L x W x D: 35 x 8 x 2.2 cm (13 3/4 x 3 1/8 x 7/8 in.)","en":"L x W x D: 35 x 8 x 2.2 cm (13 3/4 x 3 1/8 x 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47488","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Punch ladle","en":"Punch ladle"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/19.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","recordSha256":"09d4ee64fa0323b6d03fa87842479a615156c81607776b14356c3cf3bdafa1ed","bulkSha256":"05426f6fe9860a27939fa4f78fe61c5d59b2e3d3c0ffd6120c76ad6cd0e8985d","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1931-64-38","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:ladle","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:ladle"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Sauce Ladle with Fluted Bowl","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47741","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/40.txt","sourceSha256":"5f63218543938f9442edbd78d8c59340f6ae8ac2ba602fc0af813c4ac5e14b72","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Sauce Ladle with Fluted Bowl. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Oval bowl quartered by alternate fluted and smooth sections centering a raised oval reserve. Flat stem with bifurcated join.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: Paris, France","en":"made in: Paris, France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47741","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver","en":"silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47741","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1793–1838","en":"1793–1838"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47741","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"L x W x D: 14 × 10.2 × 4.8 cm (5 1/2 in. × 4 in. × 1 7/8 in.)","en":"L x W x D: 14 × 10.2 × 4.8 cm (5 1/2 in. × 4 in. × 1 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47741","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Sauce Ladle with Fluted Bowl","en":"Sauce Ladle with Fluted Bowl"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/40.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"5f63218543938f9442edbd78d8c59340f6ae8ac2ba602fc0af813c4ac5e14b72","bulkSha256":"2c68ecad7cd6e70c3702def46eb16bed5c0568cad936991c0a7bb38e5161d5ef","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1931-64-47","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:necklace","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/47752","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","sourceSha256":"5894f0a8f3e20ebb2f97e2c9f6d62ad3fc74dc3089fe9533f671e8de382d3f33","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Necklace. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Necklace of gilt silver, made of two distinctly different designed parts. Lower part: seven 12-sided ridged globular units of filigree work and of graduating sizes. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Gold ring separating into two bands on which is an ornament of a flower (made of gold) with petals of rose diamonds. At the sides of the ring are small flowers with rose diamond centers. Two small diamonds missing.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: France","en":"made in: France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/50633","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Gold, rose diamonds","en":"Gold, rose diamonds"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/50633","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"mid-19th century","en":"mid-19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/50633","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x diam.: 1.2 x 2 cm (1/2 x 13/16 in.)","en":"H x diam.: 1.2 x 2 cm (1/2 x 13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/50633","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Ring","en":"Ring"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/0a.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"021d2130087a853b2a9c02934e6c7d446fb8692a6708bd04eca28101cc89b05f","bulkSha256":"affa41498a9e831bc3039f7148f39eba5acf0b3166c8fbd39b316a9a1904e236","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1936-13-1-a_b","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:coffeepot","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:coffeepot"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Coffeepot","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/53950","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/1f.txt","sourceSha256":"7d2e73524bf9ca90108cff7153acbf02a81c945f8188fb37d042264bfbd092a8","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Coffeepot. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Pear form with sea serpent form spout and C-scroll handle. In predominantly manganese palette with blue accents. One side with a landscape scene with a couple; the young man with a bird and birdcage surrounded by trees. The back with sprigs of roses. The handle and spout with blue outlines. The lid with sprigs of roses and blue outlines.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"manufactured in: Italy","en":"manufactured in: Italy"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/53950","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Doccia Porcelain Factory, Italian, established 1735","en":"Doccia Porcelain Factory, Italian, established 1735"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/53950","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"hard paste porcelain, vitreous enamel","en":"hard paste porcelain, vitreous enamel"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/53950","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1770–1780","en":"ca. 1770–1780"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/53950","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D (a,b: overall): 23 x 16.5 x 12.7 cm (9 1/16 in. x 6 1/2 in. x 5 in.)","en":"H x W x D (a,b: overall): 23 x 16.5 x 12.7 cm (9 1/16 in. x 6 1/2 in. x 5 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/53950","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Coffeepot","en":"Coffeepot"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/1f.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","recordSha256":"7d2e73524bf9ca90108cff7153acbf02a81c945f8188fb37d042264bfbd092a8","bulkSha256":"ead543cf208d4f136fab7171d3c50d93b072b62bed8f9ab71580bae4cc7c0ca5","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1938-57-302-a_b","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:teapot","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:teapot"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Teapot and lid","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58442","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/03.txt","sourceSha256":"fcd3517d4fbd47c1e143b96e6e3b2955d087f62eb31d9af12634b0e14f8850f7","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Teapot and lid. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Flattened spherical shape with wide, looped handle and conical spout. The high domed cover had knob composed of a draped female figure. Lower portion of pot is decorated with rays in low relief, sides with high relief groups of Bacchanalian putti and handle with leaf ornament. Thin shaped collar about mouth. Leaf and chevron reliefs on cover. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Silversmith’s shape: oblong with four bowed panels alternating with four rectangular panels containing niches; long ogee spout, rectangular flat handle. Oblong domed cover with strap handle, sliding in grooves in top of pot. Relief decoration in polychrome showing classical figures in the bow panels; vines in niches; lotus and anthemion band about cavetto shoulder, leaves on handle, spout and cover.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: England","en":"made in: England"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58459","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"John Turner, Lane End, Staffordshire, England, 1759 - 1780","en":"John Turner, Lane End, Staffordshire, England, 1759 - 1780"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58459","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Enameled stoneware","en":"Enameled stoneware"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58459","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1785","en":"ca. 1785"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58459","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 12.8 x 20.5 x 11 cm (5 1/16 x 8 1/16 x 4 5/16 in.)","en":"H x W x D: 12.8 x 20.5 x 11 cm (5 1/16 x 8 1/16 x 4 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58459","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Teapot and cover","en":"Teapot and cover"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/10.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","recordSha256":"f19738aa61428a9c8aa29e9aeaa9ceb60d421b5d5e082f8d5685da6d24f5e91c","bulkSha256":"e573cda4eaeff8f471af54ccc5af617647548e1e23dba6288ff1296ac3c89390","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1938-57-587-a_b","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:teapot","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:teapot"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Teapot","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/58772","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/07.txt","sourceSha256":"91ab06b3d54e3cc712631d388f7c47dfd00a5702fc7fadf9e13228f6523965a8","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Teapot. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Globous on cylindrical foot, with cylindrical neck, simple spout and plain loop handle. Flat domed cover. With applied floral knob attached to a stem and foliage in relief. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"A white rounded teapot with very delicate spout and handle. Three figures and a fourth on a raised seat in an outdoor scene painted in overglaze. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Tortoise shell comb with seven teeth and a hinged plate ornamented with two rows of coral beads and three coral pendants on chains of gold beads attached to the plate.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"used in: Italy","en":"used in: Italy"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95328","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"tortoiseshell, metal, coral","en":"tortoiseshell, metal, coral"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95328","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"mid-19th century","en":"mid-19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95328","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 9.4 x 12.5 x 2.2 cm (3 11/16 x 4 15/16 x 7/8 in.)","en":"H x W x D: 9.4 x 12.5 x 2.2 cm (3 11/16 x 4 15/16 x 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95328","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Haircomb","en":"Haircomb"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/0d.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"200cab6b791e2fab083ab4e6863cdd338ece7a17c397564c73f72391988bec46","bulkSha256":"ad4f43d78abb5753882a543c693bdf7c43b3bb522fc249c40d462031bba0137e","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1946-50-75-a_b","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:bracelet","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:bracelet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pair of Bracelets","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95333","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/0e.txt","sourceSha256":"e8d9399edc5210272a7ceb2ef0ab0ce1944b6450713fffa39e952ca7989f6cb0","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Pair of Bracelets. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"A and b: band bracelets with a clasp of a small knob and a matching hole, ornamented with the initials \"E.J.O.\" in decorative carving on plain disc.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: England or France","en":"made in: England or France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95333","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Shaped tortoiseshell with carved applied tortoiseshell monograms","en":"Shaped tortoiseshell with carved applied tortoiseshell monograms"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95333","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1870","en":"ca. 1870"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95333","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 7.5 x 5.5 x 4.5 cm (2 15/16 x 2 3/16 x 1 3/4 in.)","en":"H x W x D: 7.5 x 5.5 x 4.5 cm (2 15/16 x 2 3/16 x 1 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/95333","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Pair of Bracelets","en":"Pair of Bracelets"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/0e.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"e8d9399edc5210272a7ceb2ef0ab0ce1944b6450713fffa39e952ca7989f6cb0","bulkSha256":"9443863c0244697a868f40cbcd39f5ef56d5aa11127be6ac38b58c829b5e4215","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1949-109-2","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:belt","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:belt"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Belt","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/99706","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/33.txt","sourceSha256":"794bc5d61a0f90084297eecc589d0e2bb361d1840680b3d07f3ff28b3ff69fcb","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Belt. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Belt with geometrical motifs in a star pattern, center motifs brown. Warp ends are braided.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: Nayarit, Mexico","en":"made in: Nayarit, Mexico"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/99706","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Medium: wool Technique: double cloth","en":"Medium: wool Technique: double cloth"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/99706","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"probably 19th century","en":"probably 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/99706","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Warp x Weft: 294.9 x 10.7 cm (9 ft. 8 1/8 in. x 4 3/16 in.)","en":"Warp x Weft: 294.9 x 10.7 cm (9 ft. 8 1/8 in. x 4 3/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/99706","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Belt","en":"Belt"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/33.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"794bc5d61a0f90084297eecc589d0e2bb361d1840680b3d07f3ff28b3ff69fcb","bulkSha256":"7b64f912b397facc14965d585ac644b978f62c891c28182bbcbd93aee171860b","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1950-112-2-a_c","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:mirror","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:mirror"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Mirror with candle brackets","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/101868","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/17.txt","sourceSha256":"5725416510902a877acf9e728a3e73e1f08aac2acb487416c813dcd583bcfa03","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Mirror with candle brackets. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Rectangular mirror (a) with original rectangular bevelled glass. Inner gilt molding carved with regularized floriation in low relief; shaped at upper corners. Wider conforming cyma and bead walnut molding outside. Cresting, with gilded ears of voluted leaf carving, is itself scrolled, voluted, and pierced at center to admit a round pierced gilded ornament. Shaped base has ears similar to above and bears a pair of engraved brass sockets which receive two scrolled candle brackets (b,c) with circular candle sockets and cups.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: England","en":"made in: England"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/101868","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Walnut veneer on deal, carved gessoed,and cast brass, mirrored plate glass","en":"Walnut veneer on deal, carved gessoed,and cast brass, mirrored plate glass"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/101868","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1720–35","en":"1720–35"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/101868","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 118 x 67.5 x 6 cm (46 7/16 x 26 9/16 x 2 3/8 in.)","en":"H x W x D: 118 x 67.5 x 6 cm (46 7/16 x 26 9/16 x 2 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/101868","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Mirror with candle brackets","en":"Mirror with candle brackets"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/17.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"5725416510902a877acf9e728a3e73e1f08aac2acb487416c813dcd583bcfa03","bulkSha256":"c8bd1f5a414725eb966090b6bf67ad006b01b00f240836055ad81127860d34f6","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1951-105-19","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:purse","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:purse"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Purse","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103412","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","sourceSha256":"109664c77b0580f54314c3fdd8c5a522a1e54a1d0a255f9d67560c821692a971","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Purse. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Flat purse with a drawstring top; one face has a bouquet of flowers, the other a basket of flowers. The sides and top are decorated with a deep edging of fruit, flowers, and animals, including a camel. In polychrome silks over white satin. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Miser's purse worked in bebilla or oya with very small flowers and leaves on green mesh. Two covered rings as slides for purse.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: Turkey","en":"made in: Turkey"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103419","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Medium: silk Technique: needle knotting (bebilla)","en":"Medium: silk Technique: needle knotting (bebilla)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103419","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 19th century","en":"early 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103419","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W: 21 x 6 cm (8 1/4 x 2 3/8 in.)","en":"H x W: 21 x 6 cm (8 1/4 x 2 3/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103419","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Miser's purse","en":"Miser's purse"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"3da1a3a967761c1749a0a1fdea855bb50232a5906884032336d5fe1a381ffc5b","bulkSha256":"d0634c9f9f27abc3113fae4030820052165e75e540e6dc03c37d92dc30917a29","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1951-111-89-a_b","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:earrings","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:earrings"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Earrings","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103559","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/0b.txt","sourceSha256":"abbcfd6e41dfe02b96ddbd8047fae566e293a1219094db0f486e2384db001984","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Earrings. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Pair of earrings. Turquoise matrix and silver.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: India","en":"made in: India"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Turquoise matrix and silver","en":"Turquoise matrix and silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"late 19th century","en":"late 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 11 x 3.5 x 2 cm (4 5/16 x 1 3/8 x 13/16 in.)","en":"H x W x D: 11 x 3.5 x 2 cm (4 5/16 x 1 3/8 x 13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Earrings","en":"Earrings"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/0b.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"abbcfd6e41dfe02b96ddbd8047fae566e293a1219094db0f486e2384db001984","bulkSha256":"05a803c2f90b606d2a556b6412a47dc400fce46fe5270c421fad514f335efa97","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1951-111-95","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:necklace","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace with amulet","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103566","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/07.txt","sourceSha256":"95ef87c3893428710ad6c66403e18036820646768a77eeaedbc9e23802335513","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Necklace with amulet. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Amulet: metal, probably silver alloy. Box 5.5 cm (2 1/8 in.) square, with cover having filigree and turquoise ornamentation including four triangular pieces at base, applied at each side of cover making overall dimension of cover an approximate square 6.5 cm. Hollow cylinders permit a cord with twelve beads (cord supplemented by neck ribbon) to suspend amulet from neck. Purpose of other cylinder, ornamented with twisted wire and conical ends, probably purely decorative.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Silver alloy, turquoise, carnelian beads, fiber","en":"Silver alloy, turquoise, carnelian beads, fiber"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"19th century","en":"19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"overall length: 35 cm (13 3/4 in.); amulet: 9.3 x 9.5 x 2 cm (3 11/16 x 3 3/4 x 13/16 in.)","en":"overall length: 35 cm (13 3/4 in.); amulet: 9.3 x 9.5 x 2 cm (3 11/16 x 3 3/4 x 13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/103566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace with amulet","en":"Necklace with amulet"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/07.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"95ef87c3893428710ad6c66403e18036820646768a77eeaedbc9e23802335513","bulkSha256":"e229df507a79265c3d71eda30608ea1ef31b1d4270d36445975d80f34223fac7","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1952-161-200","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fan","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:fan"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pleated fan","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105682","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/07.txt","sourceSha256":"7f8f622265d89feb39b2aea3f6f9876c6daa15a68028301396702557e8511ecc","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Pleated fan. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Pleated fan. Gilded paper leaf with hand-colored lithograph. Obverse: 18th century style figures in a formal garden. Reverse: landscape with dunes, caves and a mountain. Horn sticks engraved with bee and leaf motifs, and applied gold foil.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: probably France","en":"made in: probably France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105682","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Gilded paper leaf with hand-colored lithograph, engraved horn sticks with applied gold foil","en":"Gilded paper leaf with hand-colored lithograph, engraved horn sticks with applied gold foil"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105682","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1840","en":"ca. 1840"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105682","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W (open): 21.6 x 39.4 cm (8 1/2 x 15 1/2 in.)","en":"H x W (open): 21.6 x 39.4 cm (8 1/2 x 15 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105682","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Pleated fan","en":"Pleated fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/07.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"7f8f622265d89feb39b2aea3f6f9876c6daa15a68028301396702557e8511ecc","bulkSha256":"e229df507a79265c3d71eda30608ea1ef31b1d4270d36445975d80f34223fac7","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1952-161-209","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fan","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:fan"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Brisé fan","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105692","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/05.txt","sourceSha256":"ddc551c62fcd6a55e8452ce5be31666f86267aa50d9dc5550ff8bab4aee7342b","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Brisé fan. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Brisé fan. Blond horn decorated on obverse with gold painting of floral, fern, wheat and feather motifs. Sticks connected by gold-colored ribbon. Steel piqués arranged in scalloped band below ribbon.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: France","en":"made in: France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105692","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Gilded horn sticks with steel piqués, silk ribbon","en":"Gilded horn sticks with steel piqués, silk ribbon"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105692","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 19th century","en":"early 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105692","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W: 19.1 x 36.2 cm (7 1/2 x 14 1/4 in.)","en":"H x W: 19.1 x 36.2 cm (7 1/2 x 14 1/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/105692","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Brisé fan","en":"Brisé fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/05.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"ddc551c62fcd6a55e8452ce5be31666f86267aa50d9dc5550ff8bab4aee7342b","bulkSha256":"27efc3d5ca5d4127dafdbc31a6f7b47855b0c3139819d38da473ff2985b6e714","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1953-106-61","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:purse","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:purse"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Miser's purse","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107311","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/01.txt","sourceSha256":"e715207399ec8ac654c0693ac756d2e2735be88b76e04399159c0d758d3034e4","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Miser's purse. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Knotted netting in dark green silk ornamented with cut steel beads in diamond patterns; side opening controlled by two faceted cut steel rings. Filigreed cut steel drops at each end.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: France","en":"made in: France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107311","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Medium: silk, metal Technique: knotted netting with beads","en":"Medium: silk, metal Technique: knotted netting with beads"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107311","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"early 19th century","en":"early 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107311","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"L: 20 cm (7 7/8 in.)","en":"L: 20 cm (7 7/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107311","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Miser's purse","en":"Miser's purse"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/01.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"e715207399ec8ac654c0693ac756d2e2735be88b76e04399159c0d758d3034e4","bulkSha256":"a8d320c28ee051eb56094502636e6a0659b22b58c31364352309c3389262e0f1","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1953-17-154","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fan","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:fan"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pleated fan","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107997","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","sourceSha256":"2e0c61d8d72bedb679bd9603090a34c0d5cbf478ea1715091d6184aad847893e","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Pleated fan. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Pleated fan. Parchment leaf gilded and painted with gouache. Obverse: rustic landscape with figures: a crowned and enthroned man; a woman standing, crowned. Reverse: landscape with sheep and shepherd. Pierced, carved and painted ivory sticks with rococo scrolls and figures. Carved figure on guards.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"possibly made in: Italy; possibly made in: France","en":"possibly made in: Italy; possibly made in: France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107997","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Parchment leaf gilded and painted with gouache, pierced, carved and painted ivory sticks","en":"Parchment leaf gilded and painted with gouache, pierced, carved and painted ivory sticks"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107997","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"late 18th–late 19th century","en":"late 18th–late 19th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107997","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W (open): 29.2 x 51.4 cm (11 1/2 x 20 1/4 in.)","en":"H x W (open): 29.2 x 51.4 cm (11 1/2 x 20 1/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/107997","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Pleated fan","en":"Pleated fan"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"2e0c61d8d72bedb679bd9603090a34c0d5cbf478ea1715091d6184aad847893e","bulkSha256":"d0634c9f9f27abc3113fae4030820052165e75e540e6dc03c37d92dc30917a29","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1953-17-46-a_b","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:coffeepot","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:coffeepot"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Coffeepot with Battle Scenes (Bataillen-Malerei)","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108030","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/04.txt","sourceSha256":"a06b19cd15dca9f2441c02e7c17ab7c941ac25df02288c0aca7b5453c6c2475e","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Coffeepot with Battle Scenes (Bataillen-Malerei). Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Pear-shaped body, slightly compressed in lower part. Open spout, triple scrolled handle. Domed cover with pine-cone knob. Unglazed relief lines, forming four compartments. The area between these, and the edge are painted yellow. Polychrome overglaze battle scene, equestrian scene, and flower clusters alternating in panels on pot and cover. Gold edge and scents on spout, handle and knob.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"Place: Germany","en":"Place: Germany"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108030","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Royal Porcelain Manufactory, Berlin, German, established 1763","en":"Royal Porcelain Manufactory, Berlin, German, established 1763"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108030","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"hard paste porcelain, vitreous enamel, gold","en":"hard paste porcelain, vitreous enamel, gold"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108030","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1870–1900","en":"1870–1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108030","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D (a,b: overall): 20.5 × 15 × 10.5 cm (8 1/16 × 5 7/8 × 4 1/8 in.); H x W x D (a: pot): 17.5 × 15 × 10.5 cm (6 7/8 × 5 7/8 × 4 1/8 in.); H x diam. (b: lid): 5 × 7 cm (1 15/16 × 2 3/4 in.)","en":"H x W x D (a,b: overall): 20.5 × 15 × 10.5 cm (8 1/16 × 5 7/8 × 4 1/8 in.); H x W x D (a: pot): 17.5 × 15 × 10.5 cm (6 7/8 × 5 7/8 × 4 1/8 in.); H x diam. (b: lid): 5 × 7 cm (1 15/16 × 2 3/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108030","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Coffeepot with Battle Scenes (Bataillen-Malerei)","en":"Coffeepot with Battle Scenes (Bataillen-Malerei)"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/04.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","recordSha256":"a06b19cd15dca9f2441c02e7c17ab7c941ac25df02288c0aca7b5453c6c2475e","bulkSha256":"01cd2a4c35322c412631762806edf2c1f57183dc6a66bc50d6c3f906d565ff1b","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1953-178-99","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:necklace","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:necklace"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108263","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/12.txt","sourceSha256":"b36655df59b8656d22e6df8e0e55ee8482b8dd636b5135a9bf861bec165eb5c5","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Necklace. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Twenty-one turquoises, eighteen pearls, one hundred forty-eight baroque pearls. Braided gold thread ties. In embroidered lavender box.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: India","en":"made in: India"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108263","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Marens and Co.","en":"Marens and Co."},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108263","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Braided gold, enamel, cabochon turquoises and pearls, baroque pearls, foil, embroidered silk (box)","en":"Braided gold, enamel, cabochon turquoises and pearls, baroque pearls, foil, embroidered silk (box)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108263","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1855","en":"ca. 1855"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108263","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 0.7 x 2 x 55.3cm (1/4 x 13/16 x 21 3/4in.)","en":"H x W x D: 0.7 x 2 x 55.3cm (1/4 x 13/16 x 21 3/4in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/108263","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Necklace","en":"Necklace"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/12.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"b36655df59b8656d22e6df8e0e55ee8482b8dd636b5135a9bf861bec165eb5c5","bulkSha256":"833e254b611bdc36311ab3273b81c9dc5ec3321e122d30e926d101b1d5a54b69","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1957-11-1-a_e","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:kettle","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:kettle"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Tea Kettle and Stand","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/115932","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/01.txt","sourceSha256":"f14d8289a5192d6000949c4794bb08c90dd3ba2ec8d8adb0cf82725920fcc1ad","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Tea Kettle and Stand. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"(a) Bulbous body with molded neck, paneled covered spout and pivoting-shaped handle with turned wood centerpiece. Side engraved with scrolled arms. (b) Molded cover with wood knob; (c) stand on three baluster legs on square plinth with large ring for kettle, smaller for lamp; (d) cylindrical lamp with (e), cover with inner spout and hinged top to cover it.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: London, England","en":"made in: London, England"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/115932","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"William Fawdery, British, active 1698 – 1727","en":"William Fawdery, British, active 1698 – 1727"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/115932","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver, wood","en":"silver, wood"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/115932","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1711","en":"1711"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/115932","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D (a/e: overall): 36 × 26 × 21 cm (14 3/16 × 10 1/4 × 8 1/4 in.)","en":"H x W x D (a/e: overall): 36 × 26 × 21 cm (14 3/16 × 10 1/4 × 8 1/4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/115932","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Tea Kettle and Stand","en":"Tea Kettle and Stand"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/01.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","recordSha256":"f14d8289a5192d6000949c4794bb08c90dd3ba2ec8d8adb0cf82725920fcc1ad","bulkSha256":"a8d320c28ee051eb56094502636e6a0659b22b58c31364352309c3389262e0f1","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1957-61-46-c","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:knife","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:knife"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Chrysanthemum Pattern Luncheon Knife","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/228933","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/03.txt","sourceSha256":"8147af9f12577ee2eb5ccabecf4a6c64eb37b15c9e28e8b92d72741bd2549d51","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Chrysanthemum Pattern Luncheon Knife. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Elongated rectangular steel blade with rounded point. Waisted ferrule, connecting to silver handle of curving, ungulating shape, covered in a pattern of overlapping foliate scrolls and chrysanthemum buds, with engraved \"B\" in the central reserve. Rounded terminal, topped with chrysanthemum flower. Reverse side densley decorated with overlapping foliate scrolls and chrysanthemum buds. Side edges plain polished surface.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"manufactured in: New York, USA","en":"manufactured in: New York, USA"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/228933","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Charles T. Grosjean, American, d. 1888; Tiffany & Company, American, established 1853","en":"Charles T. Grosjean, American, d. 1888; Tiffany & Company, American, established 1853"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/228933","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver, steel","en":"silver, steel"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/228933","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1880","en":"ca. 1880"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/228933","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"L x W x D: 23.1 × 2.1 × 1.4 cm (9 1/8 × 13/16 × 9/16 in.)","en":"L x W x D: 23.1 × 2.1 × 1.4 cm (9 1/8 × 13/16 × 9/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/228933","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Chrysanthemum Pattern Luncheon Knife","en":"Chrysanthemum Pattern Luncheon Knife"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/03.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","recordSha256":"8147af9f12577ee2eb5ccabecf4a6c64eb37b15c9e28e8b92d72741bd2549d51","bulkSha256":"451838beceec080ef495773eda9dc2f35a4a63352eb67114261336ded5ef7131","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1962-26-1","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:brooch","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:brooch"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Brooch","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/132566","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/04.txt","sourceSha256":"de46887abea2a5fd867d02cc5e65e4a5ece445af5e9f3e7bf1ea66c2acf64fc2","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Brooch. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"In the shape of a low, wide basket filled with a floral and foliate arrangement, composed of rose-cut diamonds set in silver and gold. Reverse features closed settings; double-pronged pin, the longer of which slips under c-clasp. Possibly originally part of a tiara or a hair ornament.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: England or France","en":"made in: England or France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/132566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Rose-cut diamonds, cut silver, gold wire","en":"Rose-cut diamonds, cut silver, gold wire"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/132566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1750–1800","en":"1750–1800"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/132566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 5.1 x 7.4 x 1.2cm (2 x 2 15/16 x 1/2in.)","en":"H x W x D: 5.1 x 7.4 x 1.2cm (2 x 2 15/16 x 1/2in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/132566","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Brooch","en":"Brooch"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/04.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"de46887abea2a5fd867d02cc5e65e4a5ece445af5e9f3e7bf1ea66c2acf64fc2","bulkSha256":"01cd2a4c35322c412631762806edf2c1f57183dc6a66bc50d6c3f906d565ff1b","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1962-55-5","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:purse","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:purse"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Purse","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/133166","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","sourceSha256":"ddc688a596c61476e8caad2f0376d22685495571d66d5467149a6e370a0f64d1","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Purse. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Small envelope-shaped purse in green and white silk. Pattern in white silk is a symmetrical arrangement of a crown with confronted dolphins and three fleurs-de-lis above with stylized foliage borders. Lined with pink taffeta.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: France","en":"made in: France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/133166","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Medium: silk Technique: woven","en":"Medium: silk Technique: woven"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/133166","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"late 17th–early 18th century","en":"late 17th–early 18th century"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/133166","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W: 10 x 17 cm (3 15/16 x 6 11/16 in.)","en":"H x W: 10 x 17 cm (3 15/16 x 6 11/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/133166","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Purse","en":"Purse"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"ddc688a596c61476e8caad2f0376d22685495571d66d5467149a6e370a0f64d1","bulkSha256":"ac1d10f1b2c7e7ff66151764d27921e1285925595accfc17b9cdc8dcbc654877","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1965-2-1","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:brooch","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:brooch"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Brooch","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/136697","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/06.txt","sourceSha256":"dcd3bbefe79e3205fd1705ac92a95f10011a18e07dc6814bbefcb0a30ad59f3c","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Brooch. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Brooch consisting of large spray of leaves done in 18 karat gold and paved in diamonds. The stalks of what in this brooch are set on thin wires that vibrate easily with the wearer's movements.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: England or France, Europe","en":"made in: England or France, Europe"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/136697","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Gold, silver, diamonds","en":"Gold, silver, diamonds"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/136697","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1800","en":"ca. 1800"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/136697","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 9.8 x 11 cm (3 7/8 x 4 5/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 9.8 x 11 cm (3 7/8 x 4 5/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/136697","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Brooch","en":"Brooch"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/06.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"dcd3bbefe79e3205fd1705ac92a95f10011a18e07dc6814bbefcb0a30ad59f3c","bulkSha256":"93e4f71f7c732cc781d2be9bcadb1f0fcbca07d9004688afc2c45f47c5e78600","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1966-55-14","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:vase","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:vase"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Vase","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/137574","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","sourceSha256":"50456db8e640678f61b8d57ee0e768f6431856a2c051987b65ac4384d44179cd","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Vase. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Yellow glass with maroon pattern. Inverted egg shape on small circular foot.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: USA","en":"made in: USA"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/137574","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Louis Comfort Tiffany, American, 1848–1933","en":"Louis Comfort Tiffany, American, 1848–1933"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/137574","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Favrile glass","en":"Favrile glass"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/137574","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1900","en":"ca. 1900"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/137574","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x diam.: 19.5 x 10.2 cm (7 11/16 x 4 in.)","en":"H x diam.: 19.5 x 10.2 cm (7 11/16 x 4 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/137574","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Vase","en":"Vase"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","recordSha256":"50456db8e640678f61b8d57ee0e768f6431856a2c051987b65ac4384d44179cd","bulkSha256":"d0634c9f9f27abc3113fae4030820052165e75e540e6dc03c37d92dc30917a29","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1966-85-2-c","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:chair","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Rosalie","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/277295","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","sourceSha256":"4d58bfaf16b99edd184bf6348a50f6adc19a7a3bf79847da8319b2322b51d20f","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Rosalie. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Upholstered, laminated rosewood back in kshape of inverted pear, topped by carved flowers-and-fruit garland; elongated S-scroll on each side of back. Upholstered spring seat on rosewood frame with serpentine front, cabriole forelegs with slipper seat, scrolled at each side, on tapered supports; reverse-curve rear legs; casters.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: New York, New York, USA","en":"made in: New York, New York, USA"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/277295","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Laminated rosewood, hardwood, cotton upholstery, metal","en":"Laminated rosewood, hardwood, cotton upholstery, metal"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/277295","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1850","en":"ca. 1850"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/277295","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 96.8 × 58.3 × 48.5 cm (38 1/8 × 22 15/16 × 19 1/8 in.)","en":"H x W x D: 96.8 × 58.3 × 48.5 cm (38 1/8 × 22 15/16 × 19 1/8 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/277295","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Rosalie","en":"Rosalie"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"4d58bfaf16b99edd184bf6348a50f6adc19a7a3bf79847da8319b2322b51d20f","bulkSha256":"ac1d10f1b2c7e7ff66151764d27921e1285925595accfc17b9cdc8dcbc654877","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1968-158-15","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:chair","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:chair"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Kneeling chair","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/142925","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/04.txt","sourceSha256":"2e20fbe2f5ef07a0f2ebfb2b7b26b9d1c0323ad4d332141aa89d4b899107a709","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Kneeling chair. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Slender, lyre-shaped back on curved molded supports; exposed frame painted gray; bow-shaped arm rest; low rounded seat with exposed frame with simple molding; quatrefoil rosette in square above each short fluted forleg and above side of each sharply slanting fluted rear leg; small square within square above back of each rear leg; peg-top feet. 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Chevigny; Georges Jacob, French, 1739–1814"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/142925","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Carved and painted beechwood, silk","en":"Carved and painted beechwood, silk"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/142925","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1755–90","en":"1755–90"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/142925","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"H x W x D: 92.5 x 47.5 x 52cm (36 7/16 x 18 11/16 x 20 1/2in.)","en":"H x W x D: 92.5 x 47.5 x 52cm (36 7/16 x 18 11/16 x 20 1/2in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/142925","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Kneeling chair","en":"Kneeling chair"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/04.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"2e20fbe2f5ef07a0f2ebfb2b7b26b9d1c0323ad4d332141aa89d4b899107a709","bulkSha256":"01cd2a4c35322c412631762806edf2c1f57183dc6a66bc50d6c3f906d565ff1b","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1968-160-1-a_g","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:cabinet","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:cabinet"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"cabinet","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/142992","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/14.txt","sourceSha256":"3b0d02c117e66cc5318a4428da484db2b2dfe89813c7942a1d2704c48f7fbf1c","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — cabinet. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Side table of carved and gilt wood, supporting contoured \"jaspe rubane\" marble top with molded edge. 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Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Urn shaped vase, with abstract striated multi-colored iridescent glaze decoration. White background. 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Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Tall reeded 8-sided body, bulge at shoulder, tapered neck, slightly flared mouth; painted in underglaze blue on white with large stylized lotus leaf band around center, 3 smaller scroll bands surrounding, and floral/leaf sprays interspersed.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: Delft, Netherlands","en":"made in: Delft, Netherlands"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/185575","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Jan Jansz Van Der Laan; De 3 Klokken (the 3 Clocks Factory)","en":"Jan Jansz Van Der Laan; De 3 Klokken (the 3 Clocks Factory)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/185575","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Tin-glazed earthenware","en":"Tin-glazed earthenware"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/185575","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"1680–1710","en":"1680–1710"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/185575","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"37 x 12.5 x 11.5 cm (14 9/16 x 4 15/16 x 4 1/2 in.)","en":"37 x 12.5 x 11.5 cm (14 9/16 x 4 15/16 x 4 1/2 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/185575","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Vase","en":"Vase"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/00.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","recordSha256":"4a7df527615128e2b34523d8a7d0f18736cdc1567a29b61689770a32977bb051","bulkSha256":"d0634c9f9f27abc3113fae4030820052165e75e540e6dc03c37d92dc30917a29","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1990-167-1-a_d","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:kettle","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:kettle"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Kettle and stand","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/192022","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","sourceSha256":"dd23c15af7aa778c813c44ae6b8773d66cdd56b12a733034f1ab3431aa5ce398","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Kettle and stand. Open Access collection metadata.","changes":"Selected catalogue fields and complete sentence excerpts; HTML markup removed. Longer provenance lists may be shortened to complete entries. Source wording retained without translation. Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Wrought iron stand (d) on three legs, with tendril curls of iron to create struts between legs, and to form overhanging curved handle. Globular copper kettle (a) with flared neck, angled spout, and three legs, with inset lid (b) with turned ebony finial. 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Stem continues to form leaf, which curls over itself on the right side to form rolled shape with small beetle appled midway down leaf and caterpillar applied on very end of the leaf terminal.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"manufactured in: Paris, France","en":"manufactured in: Paris, France"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/201857","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Charles Victor Gibert, French","en":"Charles Victor Gibert, French"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/201857","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"silver","en":"silver"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/201857","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1890","en":"ca. 1890"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/201857","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"L x W x D: 18.3 × 3.7 × 2 cm (7 3/16 × 1 7/16 × 13/16 in.)","en":"L x W x D: 18.3 × 3.7 × 2 cm (7 3/16 × 1 7/16 × 13/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/201857","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Dessert Spoon with Rolled Leaf Handle","en":"Dessert Spoon with Rolled Leaf Handle"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/03.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","recordSha256":"c3c1bdfd38243dfe9640b3745ab4204f87a9b25a13d118d887b7deece3ba4331","bulkSha256":"451838beceec080ef495773eda9dc2f35a4a63352eb67114261336ded5ef7131","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1996-56-4","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fork","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:fork"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Dessert Fork with Rodent","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/201877","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/08.txt","sourceSha256":"9af9a5ad3fe50f8b238fc7bd3b6bb8563b1c8834307dc9fbcfbff922f9f965a3","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Dessert Fork with Rodent. 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Collection ownership history is not archaeological discovery history.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"Museum description","text":"Belt with open filigree work with turquoise stones and semi-spherical caps throughout, on flat backing.","sourceField":"freetext.notes[Description]"}]}},"images":[],"facts":[{"propertyId":"catalogue:place","label":{"fr":"Lieu renseigné par le musée","en":"Place recorded by the museum"},"value":{"fr":"made in: Russia","en":"made in: Russia"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/209089","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:maker","label":{"fr":"Créateur ou atelier","en":"Maker or workshop"},"value":{"fr":"Kurlyukov, 1896–1908","en":"Kurlyukov, 1896–1908"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/209089","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:medium","label":{"fr":"Matériaux et technique","en":"Materials and technique"},"value":{"fr":"Gilt silver, turquoise","en":"Gilt silver, turquoise"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/209089","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:date","label":{"fr":"Datation du catalogue","en":"Catalogue date"},"value":{"fr":"ca. 1890","en":"ca. 1890"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/209089","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"propertyId":"catalogue:dimensions","label":{"fr":"Dimensions","en":"Dimensions"},"value":{"fr":"Overall: 76.5 x 10.5 x 5 cm (30 1/8 x 4 1/8 x 1 15/16 in.)","en":"Overall: 76.5 x 10.5 x 5 cm (30 1/8 x 4 1/8 x 1 15/16 in.)"},"sourceUrl":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/209089","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":[],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Jeweled belt","en":"Jeweled belt"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/1f.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:21:44.855Z","recordSha256":"a5adf940ef93812ca4ffc539bcca95f85248c518f03b73ed3844ab89c5ba4bb4","bulkSha256":"ead543cf208d4f136fab7171d3c50d93b072b62bed8f9ab71580bae4cc7c0ca5","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian-photo:chndm_1998-59-2","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:vase","relatedIds":["smithsonian:type:vase"],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bottle-Shaped Vase (One of a Pair)","url":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/210787","sourceUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/chndm/02.txt","sourceSha256":"7879c8d37d5650d04ab334e028ec6cbf7d9a122af76fdab6aa3bd77923694a9f","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T18:59:33.639Z","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":"Smithsonian Institution — Bottle-Shaped Vase (One of a Pair). 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locality"},"value":{"fr":"Place: Krasnojarsk region, Noril'sk (NE of), Talnak District, Siberia, Russia, Europe","en":"Place: Krasnojarsk region, Noril'sk (NE of), Talnak District, Siberia, Russia, Europe"},"sourceUrl":"https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/349c07553-ecd2-4a4b-8dcd-9244a51b2559","license":"CC0-1.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"}],"gaps":["no-object-specific-narrative-in-catalogue"],"collection":"smithsonian-object","title":{"fr":"Quartz","en":"Quartz"},"sourceEvidence":{"provider":"Smithsonian Institution","apiUrl":"https://smithsonian-open-access.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/metadata/edan/nmnhminsci/3e.txt","rightsUrl":"https://www.si.edu/openaccess/faq","accessedAt":"2026-10-10T19:02:16.492Z","recordSha256":"60acce9e1dc451c159d1d60a9fcc3e29a2f606293c91719922febb90b54640cc","bulkSha256":"856517b665e0583b60c06e528bc923cf5ea1db460558e85487f50c1e042286bc","metadataLicense":"CC0-1.0"}},{"id":"smithsonian:type:azurite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:azurite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Azurite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurite","revisionId":1346963725,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-04-03T22:02:48Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346963725","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azurite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:04.189Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Azurite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Azurite or Azure spar is a soft, deep-blue copper mineral produced by weathering of copper ore deposits. During the early 19th century, it was also known as chessylite, after the type locality at Chessy near Lyon, France. The mineral, a basic carbonate with the chemical formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, has been known since ancient times, and was mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Natural History under the Greek name kuanos (κυανός: \"deep blue,\" root of English cyan) and the Latin name caeruleum. Copper (Cu2+) gives it its deep blue color."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Occurrences","text":"Azurite is found in the same geologic settings as its sister mineral, malachite, though it is usually less abundant. Both minerals occur widely as supergene copper minerals, formed in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. Here they are associated with cuprite, native copper, and various iron oxide minerals. It also often occurs along with quartz, cerussite, chrysocolla, olivenite and baryte.\n\nFine specimens can be found at many locations. Among the best specimens are found at Bisbee, Arizona, and nearby locations, and have included clusters of crystals several inches long and spherical aggregates and rosettes up to 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Azurite was known in the pre-classical ancient world. It was used in ancient Egypt as a pigment, obtained from mines in Sinai. Ancient Mesopotamian writers report the use of a special mortar and pestle for grinding it. It was also used in ancient Greece, for example on the Acropolis in Athens. It does not appear to have been used in ancient Roman wall paintings but Roman writers certainly knew about its use as a pigment. The fusing of glass and azurite was developed in ancient Mesopotamia."}]},"fr":{"title":"Azurite (minéral)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurite_(min%C3%A9ral)","revisionId":238058250,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-23T22:32:34Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238058250","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azurite%20(min%C3%A9ral)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:07.047Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Azurite (minéral)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'azurite est un minéral composé de carbonate de cuivre hydraté, de formule Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Azurite","en":"Azurite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Azurite","resolvedTitle":"Azurite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108212"},"entityId":"Q108212"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:belt","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:belt","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Belt (clothing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(clothing)","revisionId":1379065219,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T18:48:36Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379065219","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt%20(clothing)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:05.358Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Belt (clothing)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A belt is a flexible band or strap, typically made of leather, plastic, or heavy cloth, worn around the natural waist or near it (as far down as the hips). Belts are worn to keep clothing in place or for aesthetic reasons. The ends of a belt are free, and a buckle is often used to form the belt into a loop by securing one end to another part of the belt, at or near the other end, though they may also be without a buckle and be simply tied using some form of knot. Often, the resulting loop is smaller than the hips. Belts come in many lengths because of the variety in waist sizes. Belt buckles can often be adjusted to suit the wearer's waist circumference."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Belts are used variously to secure or hold up clothing, such as trousers, shorts, and skirts; to carry objects, such as tools and weapons; and to define or accentuate the waist.\n\nSome garments have a series of belt loops at the waist, through which a belt can be threaded. Additionally, many belts have a \"keeper loop\" affixed to one end, near the buckle. The keeper loop stops the free end of the belt from flapping around once the belt is buckled. Some belts also have an end tip (made of metal or leather) covering the free end of the belt to protect it from damage."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Belts have been documented as male clothing since the Bronze Age. Both sexes have used them off and on, depending on the fashion trends. In the western world, belts have been more common for men, with the exception of the early Middle Ages, late 17th century Mantua, and skirt/blouse combinations between 1901 and 1910. Art Nouveau belt buckles are now collector's items.\n\nIn the latter half of the 19th century and until the First World War, the belt was a decorative as well as utilitarian part of military uniform, particularly among officers."}]},"fr":{"title":"Ceinture (vêtement)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_(v%C3%AAtement)","revisionId":238931844,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-25T10:08:54Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238931844","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceinture%20(v%C3%AAtement)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:08.666Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Ceinture (vêtement)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une ceinture est une bande de tissu, cuir ou d'une autre matière souvent souple, non solidaire du vêtement et qui se porte autour de la taille pour la cintrer ou pour y maintenir un pantalon. Elle s'utilise aussi comme accessoire de mode ou pour porter différents types d’outils."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Ceinture","en":"Belt"},"family":"accessories","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Belt (clothing)","resolvedTitle":"Belt (clothing)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134560"},"entityId":"Q134560"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:bench","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:bench","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bench (furniture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_(furniture)","revisionId":1367025470,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-31T13:59:03Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367025470","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bench%20(furniture)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:33.375Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Bench (furniture)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A bench is a long seat on which several people may sit at the same time. Benches are typically made of wood, but may also be made of metal, stone, or synthetic materials. Many benches have back rests, while others do not and can be accessed from either side. Arm rests are another common feature. In many American public areas, benches may be donated by persons or associations, as indicated by an affixed plaque, a common form of memorial to a deceased person (see memorial bench). Memorial benches can also be found in other countries. Benches may be placed outdoors or indoors, but are more often found outdoors."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Construction materials","text":"Benches come in a variety of different materials, but there are some venue standards that account for use, durability, and maintenance patterns.\n\nAdobe: (banco) type benches are made of packed earth often combined with a binder, such as straw. They are found throughout the world in countries that use earth or mud construction techniques, in both outdoor and indoor settings.\n\nAluminum: Aluminum benches are often found in outdoor, sideline settings at recreational venues like sports fields or courts and as a complement to bleacher systems. The material affords for a lightweight, corrosive-free bench, so it is a portable and economical option for indoor or outdoor settings."}]},"fr":{"title":"Banc (siège)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_(si%C3%A8ge)","revisionId":234438551,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-03-25T12:01:57Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=234438551","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banc%20(si%C3%A8ge)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:35.635Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Banc (siège)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un banc est une pièce de mobilier (soit mobile par définition et on le distinguera donc des bancs fixes en pierre), un siège allongé permettant à plusieurs personnes de s'asseoir côte à côte. Il peut être avec ou sans dossier (banquette). On le trouvait dans l'habitat individuel, l'église, l'école, lieux où il a souvent fait place aux sièges individuels.\n\nPar extension le mot banc désigne le lieu du rassemblement (banc des accusés, banc des avocats, etc.)."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Au Moyen Âge, le banc est le seul siège avec le tabouret. Il est mobile (sens de « meuble ») et suit ses propriétaires dans leurs voyages d'une habitation à l'autre. Simple plateau pourvu de pieds il sert autant de siège que de table et est souvent recouvert de tapis.\n\nAu XIe siècle des appuis apparaissent, dans le prolongement des pieds, et une barre pour dossier. Il se complète ensuite d'un coffre dans sa base : muni d'un coffre, d'un dossier et d'accotoirs, il est appelé alors archebanc et banc-coffre plus tardivement."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Banc","en":"Bench"},"family":"furniture","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Bench (furniture)","resolvedTitle":"Bench (furniture)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204776"},"entityId":"Q204776"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:bracelet","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:bracelet","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bracelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelet","revisionId":1378460286,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-04T16:36:38Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378460286","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bracelet&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:09.899Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Bracelet","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A bracelet is an article of jewellery that is worn around the wrist. Bracelets may serve different uses, such as being worn as an ornament. When worn as ornaments, bracelets may have a supportive function to hold other items of decoration, such as charms. Medical and identity information can be marked on some bracelets, such as allergy bracelets, hospital patient-identification tags, and bracelet tags for newborn babies. Bracelets may be worn to signify a certain phenomenon, such as breast cancer awareness, for religious/cultural purposes or as a sign of LGBTQ pride.\n\nIf a bracelet is a single, inflexible loop, it is often called a bangle. When it is worn around the ankle it is called an ankle bracelet or anklet."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Origin and etymology","text":"Although the term armlet may be technically similar, it is taken to mean an item that sits on the upper arm: an arm ring. The origin of the term 'bracelet' is from the Greek brachile meaning 'of the arm', via the Old French bracel. A bracelet is also a small brace or bracer (an arm-guard used by archers)."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bracelet","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelet","revisionId":223186709,"revisionTimestamp":"2025-02-20T07:09:30Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=223186709","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bracelet&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:11.478Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bracelet","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un bracelet est un article de vêtement ou de joaillerie qui est porté autour du poignet. Les bracelets peuvent être fabriqués en tissu, en cuir, en matière plastique ou en métal, et contiennent quelquefois des roches, du bois et/ou des coquilles d'animaux. Ils comportent parfois une montre ou d'autres instruments de mesure (thermomètre, tachymètre, baromètre notamment).\n\nLes bracelets peuvent aussi être utilisés dans des intentions médicales. Les bracelets d'identification et d'alerte médicale sont des bracelets qui permettent d'avoir toujours sur soi des informations vitales."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bracelet","en":"Bracelet"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Bracelet","resolvedTitle":"Bracelet","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201664"},"entityId":"Q201664"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:brooch","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:brooch","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Brooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooch","revisionId":1375404457,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-17T15:49:53Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375404457","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:15.528Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Brooch","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A brooch (, also US: ) is a decorative jewellery item, or the insignia of a fraternal order, designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It is usually made of metal, often silver or gold or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel or with gemstones and may be solely for ornament or serve a practical function as a clothes fastener. The earliest known brooches are from the Bronze Age. As fashions in brooches changed rather quickly, they are important chronological indicators. In archaeology, ancient European brooches are usually referred to by the Latin term fibula. One example is the Tara Brooch.\n\nA stomacher can consist of one or more elements."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Ancient brooches","text":"Brooches from antiquity and before the Middle Ages are often called fibulae (singular: fibula), especially in continental European contexts. British archaeologists tend to distinguish between bowed fibulae and flatter brooches, even in antiquity. They were necessary as clothes fasteners, but also often highly decorative, and important markers of social status for both men and women, from the Bronze Age onwards. In Europe, during the Iron Age, metalworking technology had advanced dramatically. The newer techniques of casting, metal bar-twisting and wire making were the basis for many new objects, including the fibula."}]},"fr":{"title":"Broche (bijou)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche_(bijou)","revisionId":238719087,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-17T18:36:00Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238719087","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broche%20(bijou)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:16.561Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Broche (bijou)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une broche est un bijou que l'on attache dans un but essentiellement esthétique sur les vêtements. C'est un bijou principalement féminin. Elle est en général composée de deux parties, la partie décorative qui se place vers l'avant et la fixation cachée derrière (souvent en épingle de sûreté) qui est fixée dessus soit par collage, soit par soudure.\n\nC'est un objet de taille, de matière et de forme variables, même si le mode de fixation (généralement en métal) reste généralement similaire d'une broche à l'autre.\n\nL'ancêtre de la broche est la fibule et les premières datent de l'âge du bronze."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Broche","en":"Brooch"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Brooch","resolvedTitle":"Brooch","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499916"},"entityId":"Q499916"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:cabinet","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:cabinet","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Cabinetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinetry","revisionId":1375899757,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-20T19:22:57Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375899757","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinetry&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:31.728Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Cabinetry","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A cabinet is a case or cupboard with shelves or drawers for storing or displaying items. Some cabinets are stand-alone while others are built into a wall or are attached to it like a medicine cabinet. Cabinets are typically made of wood (solid or with veneers or artificial surfaces), coated steel (common for medicine cabinets), or synthetic materials. Commercial grade cabinets usually have a melamine-particleboard substrate and are covered in a high-pressure decorative laminate commonly referred to as Wilsonart or Formica.\n\nCabinets sometimes have one or more doors on the front, which are mounted with door hardware, and occasionally a lock. Cabinets may have one or more doors, drawers, or shelves."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Before the advent of industrial design, cabinet makers were responsible for the conception and the production of any piece of furniture. In the last half of the 18th century, cabinet makers, such as Thomas Sheraton, Thomas Chippendale, Shaver and Wormley Brothers Cabinet Constructors, and George Hepplewhite, also published books of furniture forms. These books were compendiums of their designs and those of other cabinet makers."}]},"fr":{"title":"Cabinet (meuble)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(meuble)","revisionId":218664424,"revisionTimestamp":"2024-09-15T21:40:24Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=218664424","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet%20(meuble)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:36.119Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Cabinet (meuble)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le cabinet est un meuble de collectionneur dont toute la façade comporte des tiroirs et portes. Toujours avec un piétement assorti pour les cabinets français, une esthétique issue de l'architecture.\n\nComme pour les meubles ornés richement, certains de leurs panneaux étaient souvent démontés et vendus séparément comme œuvres d'art à part entière.\n\nLes plus précieux sont plaqués d'ébène. C'est le travail de ce matériau qui désigne l'ébéniste."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Meuble à portes","en":"Cabinet"},"family":"furniture","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Cabinet (furniture)","resolvedTitle":"Cabinetry","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2741056"},"entityId":"Q2741056"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:calcite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:calcite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite","revisionId":1379184086,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T11:53:13Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379184086","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:30.600Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Calcite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses.\n\nOther polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C, and vaterite is even less stable."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Properties","text":"The diagnostic properties of calcite include a defining Mohs hardness of 3, a specific gravity of 2.71 and, in crystalline varieties, a vitreous luster. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Natural occurrence","text":"Calcite is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks, limestone in particular, much of which is formed from the shells of dead marine organisms. Approximately 10% of sedimentary rock is limestone. It is the primary mineral in metamorphic marble. It also occurs in deposits from hot springs as a vein mineral; in caverns as stalactites and stalagmites; and in volcanic or mantle-derived rocks such as carbonatites, kimberlites, or rarely in peridotites.\n\nCacti contain Ca-oxalate biominerals. Their death releases these biominerals into the environment, which subsequently transform to calcite via a monohydrocalcite intermediate, sequestering carbon."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Formation processes","text":"Calcite formation can proceed by several pathways, from the classical terrace ledge kink model to the crystallization of poorly ordered precursor phases like amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) via an Ostwald ripening process, or via the agglomeration of nanocrystals.\n\nThe crystallization of ACC can occur in two stages. First, the ACC nanoparticles rapidly dehydrate and crystallize to form individual particles of vaterite. Second, the vaterite transforms to calcite via a dissolution and reprecipitation mechanism, with the reaction rate controlled by the surface area of a calcite crystal. The second stage of the reaction is approximately 10 times slower."}]},"fr":{"title":"Calcite","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite","revisionId":237305795,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-24T09:31:10Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237305795","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:31.786Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Calcite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La calcite est un minéral, pouvant être d'origine biochimique (biominéralisation), composé de carbonate de calcium de formule CaCO3, avec des traces de certains métaux de transition, certains métaux alcalino-terreux et deux métaux post-transitionnels. L'abondance des cations autres que le calcium explique la richesse des variétés décrites pour ce minéral.\n\nPolymorphe de l’aragonite et de la vatérite, isostructurale avec la nitratine et l'otavite, la calcite forme une série continue avec la rhodochrosite. Elle est souvent présente dans les roches carbonatées, et dans une moindre mesure dans les roches métamorphiques et les météorites."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés mécaniques","text":"La calcite pure est incolore et blanchâtre. Sa masse volumique est de 2,71 g/cm3. Elle est classée de dureté 3 dans l'échelle de Mohs. Sa solubilité dans l'eau pure est de l'ordre de 15 à 20 mg/l. Sa capacité thermique molaire est de l'ordre de 81,8 J mol−1 K−1 (19,57 cal mol−1 °C−1) à 25 °C ."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés chimiques","text":"La calcite, sous ses formes issues de l'industrie extractive (calcaire, carbonate de calcium) a de très grandes applications industrielles : dans la construction (ciment, chaux, pierres d’ornement...), comme fondant dans la verrerie et dans la métallurgie; elle sert de matière première pour l'industrie chimique, pour la fabrication d'engrais et pour beaucoup d'autres usages.\n\nDe par sa facilité, sa rapidité, et son très faible coût, cette réaction à l'HCL constitue un test de base en pétrologie et minéralogie."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés optiques","text":"La calcite est un cristal biréfringent. Les nicols, spaths sciés en deux et recollés avec du baume du Canada, ont longtemps constitué les seuls filtres polariseurs à disposition des physiciens et des minéralogistes.\n\nLa calcite pure est incolore ou blanche. La présence de cations autres que le calcium, et notamment de métaux de transition, lui donne une coloration allochromatique jaune, orange, rouge, vert, bleu, brun, gris. Elle peut, selon les impuretés qu'elle contient, présenter les phénomènes de fluorescence, phosphorescence, thermoluminescence, triboluminescence.\n\nLuminescence : Mn2+ active tandis que Fe2+ supprime la cathodoluminescence de la calcite."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Calcite","en":"Calcite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Calcite","resolvedTitle":"Calcite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171917"},"entityId":"Q171917"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:chair","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:chair","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair","revisionId":1377720539,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-30T19:51:59Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377720539","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chair&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:09.336Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Chair","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A chair (/t͡ʃɛɚ/ ) is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat, and a back rest. It may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in various colors and fabrics.\n\nChairs vary in design. An armchair has armrests fixed to the seat; a recliner is upholstered and features a mechanism that lowers the chair's back and raises into place a footrest; a rocking chair has legs fixed to two long curved slats; and a wheelchair has wheels fixed to an axis under the seat."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"The chair has been used since antiquity, although for many centuries it was a symbolic article of state and dignity rather than an article for ordinary use. \"The chair\" is still used as the emblem of authority in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom and Canada, and in many other settings. In keeping with this historical connotation of the \"chair\" as the symbol of authority, committees, boards of directors, and academic departments all have a 'chairman' or 'chair'. Endowed professorships are referred to as chairs.\n\nIt was not until the 16th century that chairs became common. Until then, people sat on chests, benches, and stools, which were the ordinary seats of everyday life."}]},"fr":{"title":"Chaise","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaise","revisionId":238066801,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-24T09:06:55Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238066801","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaise&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:10.515Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Chaise","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une chaise est un type de siège, c'est-à-dire de meuble muni d’un dossier et confectionné afin qu’une personne s'assoie dessus. Un siège pour une personne sans dossier ni repose-bras s'appelle un tabouret; pour plus d'une personne c'est un sofa ou un banc.\n\nLe dossier s’élève parfois au-dessus de la hauteur de la tête, et souvent ne s’étend pas jusqu’au siège, permettant une circulation d'air. Le dossier et parfois l'assise sont souvent faits de matériaux poreux ou sont ajourés à fins de décoration et de ventilation, il y a quelquefois des repose-têtes séparés."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"Les représentations les plus anciennes de chaises se trouvent dans l'art égyptien ancien et dans l'art grec classique.\n\nAux débuts de la première dynastie égyptienne (de -3185 à -2925 de notre ère), la charpenterie s'est développée rapidement, probablement aidée par la prolifération d'outils en cuivre. Les résidences les plus aisées ont commencé à être équipées avec des lits, des coffres, des chaises et des tabourets, parfois embellis avec des éléments de cuivre ou d'ivoire. Les pieds des meubles étaient souvent taillées en forme de pattes d'animaux domestiques.\n\nAu Ve siècle av. J.-C. les grecs inventent le Klismos, une chaise au dossier et aux pattes incurvés."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Fabrication des chaises","text":"Le savoir-faire de la fabrication des chaises sur-mesure est répertorié à l’Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel en France.\n\nUn fabricant de chaises ne s’occupe que de la base de l’objet, c'est-à-dire les montants en bois composant les pieds, le dos, l’assise. Le reste de la chaise est fabriqué par d’autres corps de métiers : sculpture, rempaillage, tournage sur bois, décoration, vernissage, etc. Le fabricant doit cependant imaginer auparavant les différents modèles de chaises et réaliser les gabarits. Il suit la plupart du temps les tendances qui reflètent les demandes des clients."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Chaise","en":"Chair"},"family":"furniture","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Chair","resolvedTitle":"Chair","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15026"},"entityId":"Q15026"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:coffeepot","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:coffeepot","relatedIds":[],"articles":{},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":["no-exact-encyclopedia-concept-for-serving-coffeepot"],"title":{"fr":"Cafetière","en":"Coffee pot"},"family":"vessels","collection":"smithsonian-type"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:comb","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:comb","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Comb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb","revisionId":1361275570,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-26T21:36:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361275570","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comb&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Comb","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A comb is a tool consisting of a shaft that holds a row of teeth for pulling through the hair to clean, untangle, or style it. Combs have been used since prehistoric times, having been discovered in very refined forms from settlements dating back to 5,000 years ago in Persia.\n\nWeaving combs made of whalebone dating to the middle and late Iron Age have been found on archaeological digs in Orkney and Somerset."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Combs are made of a shaft and teeth that are placed at a perpendicular angle to the shaft. Combs can be made out of a number of materials, most commonly plastic, metal, or wood. In antiquity, horn and whalebone were sometimes used. Combs made from ivory and tortoiseshell were once common but concerns for the animals that produce them have reduced their usage. Wooden combs are largely made of boxwood, cherry wood, or other fine-grained wood. Good quality wooden combs are usually handmade and polished.\n\nCombs come in various shapes and sizes depending on what they are used for. A hairdressing comb may have a thin, tapered handle for parting hair and close teeth."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Uses","text":"Combs can be used for many purposes. Historically, their main purpose was securing long hair in place, decorating the hair, matting sections of hair for dreadlocks, or keeping a kippah or skullcap in place. In Spain, a peineta is a large decorative comb used to keep a mantilla in place.\n\nIn industry and craft, combs are used in separating cotton fibres from seeds and other debris (the cotton gin, a mechanized version of the comb, is one of the machines that ushered in the Industrial Revolution). A comb is used to distribute colors in paper marbling to make the swirling colour patterns in comb-marbled paper."}]},"fr":{"title":"Peigne","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peigne","revisionId":239576664,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-17T12:34:28Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239576664","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peigne&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Peigne","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un peigne est un outil muni de tiges parallèles appelées « dents », de taille, longueur et grosseur variables, qui sert à remettre les cheveux et les poils en ordre ou à en retirer les poux ou les lentes. Le peigne peut être utilisé pour appliquer une teinture sur les cheveux. C'est aussi un accessoire qui permet de maintenir les cheveux en place. C'est à ce titre un accessoire de mode."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"Des peignes ont été fabriqués depuis plusieurs milliers d'années, dans différentes matières : os, corne, ivoire, bois, écaille de tortue, puis métal, et, plus généralement à l'époque moderne, en matière plastique. Les peignes anciens comportaient souvent deux rangées de dents, l'une comportant des dents plus épaisses et plus espacées. Peut-être la denture la plus fine jouait-elle aussi le rôle de peigne anti-poux en facilitant l'élimination des lentes.\n\nDes peignes en os datant de 8 000 av. J.-C. ont été découverts en Scandinavie.\n\nDans l'Égypte antique, des peignes en ivoire ou en bois avec des dents des deux côtés étaient utilisés."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Peigne","en":"Comb"},"family":"accessories","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Comb","resolvedTitle":"Comb","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23834"},"entityId":"Q23834"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:earrings","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:earrings","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Earring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earring","revisionId":1376563792,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-24T23:34:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376563792","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earring&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:17.217Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Earring","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Earrings are jewelry that are worn on one's ears. Earrings are often worn through earlobe piercings or another external part of the ear, or by some other means, such as stickers or clip-ons. Earrings have been worn across multiple civilizations and historic periods, often carrying a cultural significance.\n\nLocations for piercings other than the earlobe include the rook, tragus, and across the helix (see image in the infobox). The simple term \"ear piercing\" usually refers to an earlobe piercing, whereas piercings in the upper part of the external ear are often referred to as \"cartilage piercings\". Cartilage piercings are more complex to perform than earlobe piercings and take longer to heal."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Ear piercing for the purpose of wearing earrings is one of the oldest known forms of body modification, with artistic and written references from cultures around the world dating back to early history. Gold earrings, along with other jewelry made of gold, lapis lazuli, and carnelian were found in the ancient sites in Lothal, India, and the Sumerian Royal Cemetery at Ur in Puabi’s tomb dating to the Early Dynastic Period III along with other adornments. Gold, silver and bronze hoop earrings were prevalent in the Minoan Civilization (2000–1600 BCE) and examples can be seen on frescoes on the Aegean island of Santorini, Greece."}]},"fr":{"title":"Boucle d'oreille","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle_d%27oreille","revisionId":238016875,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-22T09:12:53Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238016875","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucle%20d'oreille&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:18.907Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Boucle d'oreille","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une boucle d’oreille est un bijou ornant le pavillon de l’oreille, le plus souvent au niveau du lobe. Il se porte traditionnellement par paires et implique généralement d'avoir les oreilles percées.\n\nDu Néolithique à nos jours, des boucles d'oreilles ont été portées à de nombreuses époques et sur tous les continents, par des femmes comme par des hommes. Leur popularité a fluctué au cours de l'Histoire, notamment du fait de la modification corporelle qu'elles impliquent. Leur style, leur forme et leurs dimensions ont évolué avec les techniques de joaillerie, mais également sous l'influence de la mode (notamment des coiffures) et de la portée symbolique associée à ce bijou."},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Traces archéologiques","text":"Les plus anciennes boucles d'oreille connues à ce jour ont été découvertes sur le site de Chifeng en Mongolie et datent d'environ 8000 ans avant notre ère. Appartenant à la culture Xinglongwa, ces bijoux sont en pierre de jade et de forme hémicirculaire. D'autres exemplaires datant du début de l'âge du bronze (IIIe millénaire av. J.-C.) ont été identifiés dans des sépultures royales à Ur, en Mésopotamie. Ces bijoux sont de petits anneaux d'or travaillés en filigrane, par granulation et par gaufrage.\n\nAu cours du IIe millénaire av. J.-C., les boucles d'oreille semblent avoir été populaires dans les civilisations minoenne et mycénienne."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Boucles d’oreilles","en":"Earrings"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Earring","resolvedTitle":"Earring","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168456"},"entityId":"Q168456"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:fan","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fan","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Hand fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_fan","revisionId":1378651827,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T13:22:46Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378651827","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand%20fan&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Hand fan","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A handheld fan, or simply hand fan, is a broad, flat surface that is waved back and forth to create an airflow. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a sector of a circle and made of a thin material (such as paper or feathers) mounted on slats which revolve around a pivot so that it can be closed when not in use. Hand fans were widely used before mechanical fans were invented.\n\nFans work by utilizing the concepts of thermodynamics. On human skin, airflow, such as that generated by a hand fan, increases the evaporation rate of sweat, lowering body temperature due to the latent heat of the evaporation of water."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Ancient Europe","text":"Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that the hand fan was used in ancient Greece at least from the 4th century BC and was known as a rhipis, rhipister or rhipidion (Ancient Greek: ῥιπίς, ῥιπιστήρ or ῥιπίδιον). Fans were also used to keep flies away (like a fly-flapper), this kind of fan was less stiff and was named μυιoσόβη. Another use for a fan was to fan the flame, e.g. in cookery or at the altar.\n\nChristian Europe's earliest known fan was the flabellum (ceremonial fan), which dates from the 6th century. It was used during services to drive insects away from the consecrated bread and wine."}]},"fr":{"title":"Éventail","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ventail","revisionId":240258762,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-10T23:16:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240258762","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ventail&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Éventail","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'éventail est un objet utilisé pour induire un courant d'air dans le but de se rafraîchir ou d’attiser les braises d’un foyer.\n\nSous sa forme universelle, il est un écran rigide avec un manche. Le plus souvent, en France, l'éventail renvoie à un accessoire de mode de la forme d’un demi-disque dont la feuille est faite de matériaux légers (tissu, cuir, papier, etc.) plissés et montés sur des brins qui pivotent autour d'un axe (appelé « rivure »), permettant ainsi à l’objet de se fermer pour diminuer son encombrement et être transporté aisément.\n\nL'usage des éventails est attesté dès l'Antiquité."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Fabrication","text":"La fabrication d'éventails fait appel à des dizaines de corps de métier et d'artisans : peintres brodeurs, sculpteurs, graveurs, ennoblisseurs, plisseurs, etc. L'éventailliste peut d'ailleurs être en France reconnu comme maître d'art, et certaines maisons y ont reçu le label « Entreprise du patrimoine vivant », marque du Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l’Industrie, mis en place pour distinguer des entreprises françaises aux savoir-faire artisanaux et industriels d’excellence.\n\nEn France, le savoir-faire des éventaillistes est inscrit à l'Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel français depuis 2020."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"En Chine, les premiers écrits sur les éventails datent de la dynastie Jin (265-420). Les premiers éventails, appelés fanzi (扇子, shànzi) étaient rigides et en plumes. Le caractère chinois désignant l'éventail est composé du caractère de la demi-porte (户) et du caractère des plumes (羽). Au IIe siècle déjà, le bambou était utilisé pour la fabrication de la monture. Parmi les matériaux traditionnels des éventails en Chine, on trouve du bambou, de l'ébène, de l'ivoire, des écailles de tortue, de la soie, du papier, des feuilles d'or, des plumes, différents métaux et du tournesol."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Éventail","en":"Hand fan"},"family":"accessories","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Hand fan","resolvedTitle":"Hand fan","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193220"},"entityId":"Q193220"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:fluorite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fluorite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Fluorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite","revisionId":1376719302,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-25T21:25:47Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376719302","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:13.752Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Fluorite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","attributionNotices":["This article incorporates public domain material from Fluorspar (PDF). United States Geological Survey."],"sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It belongs to the halide minerals. It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.\n\nThe Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 4 as fluorite.\n\nPure fluorite is colourless and transparent, both in visible and ultraviolet light, but impurities usually make it a colorful mineral and the stone has ornamental and lapidary uses. Industrially, fluorite is used as a flux for smelting, and in the production of certain glasses and enamels."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History and etymology","text":"The word fluorite is derived from the Latin verb fluere, meaning to flow. The mineral is used as a flux in iron smelting to decrease the viscosity of slag. The term flux comes from the Latin adjective fluxus, meaning flowing, loose, slack. The mineral fluorite, originally termed fluorspar, was first printed in a 1530 work Bermannvs sive de re metallica dialogus [Bermannus; or dialogue about the nature of metals], by Georgius Agricola, as a mineral noted for its usefulness as a flux."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Occurrence and mining","text":"Fluorite forms as a late-crystallizing mineral in felsic igneous rocks typically through hydrothermal activity. It is particularly common in granitic pegmatites. It may occur as a vein deposit formed through hydrothermal activity particularly in limestones. In such vein deposits it can be associated with galena, sphalerite, barite, quartz, and calcite. Fluorite can also be found as a constituent of sedimentary rocks either as grains or as the cementing material in sandstone."}]},"fr":{"title":"Fluorine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine","revisionId":235679289,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-04-28T21:55:56Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=235679289","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorine&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:15.996Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Fluorine","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La fluorine (ou fluorite) est une espèce minérale composée de fluorure de calcium, de formule idéale CaF2 mais comportant des traces de Y, Ce, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Eu, Sm, O, Cl et composés organiques. Les différents ions en traces sont à l'origine des multiples couleurs et zonations colorées rencontrées pour ce minéral."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés physiques","text":"La fluorite peut présenter les phénomènes de fluorescence, triboluminescence et thermoluminescence.\n\nLa fluorite est largement utilisée pour traiter ou réaliser des lentilles pour l'astronomie et les objectifs photo, car elle permet de limiter les aberrations chromatiques."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Fluorite","en":"Fluorite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Fluorite","resolvedTitle":"Fluorite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102151"},"entityId":"Q102151"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:fork","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:fork","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork","revisionId":1376246875,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-23T00:59:10Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376246875","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fork&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:41.318Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Fork","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"In cutlery or kitchenware, a fork (from Latin: furca 'pitchfork') is a utensil, now usually made of metal, whose long handle terminates in a head that branches into several narrow and often slightly curved tines with which one can spear foods either to hold them to cut with a knife or to lift them to the mouth."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Bone forks have been found in archaeological sites of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400–1900 BC) and the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC), as well as later Chinese dynasties. A stone carving from an Eastern Han tomb (in Ta-kua-liang, Suide County, Shaanxi) depicts three hanging two-pronged forks in a dining scene. Similar forks have also been depicted on top of a stove in a scene at another Eastern Han tomb (in Suide County, Shaanxi).\n\nA bronze fork, dating from the 16th century BC, was found in a Mycenaean Greek grave.\n\nIn the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used. With many surviving examples of which are displayed in museums across Europe."}]},"fr":{"title":"Fourchette","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourchette","revisionId":240101951,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T15:20:49Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240101951","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourchette&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:42.500Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Fourchette","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La fourchette est un couvert de table ou un ustensile de cuisine permettant d'attraper les aliments sans les toucher directement avec les doigts.\n\nElle est constituée de deux à quatre extrémités pointues, pour saisir ou ramasser la nourriture, et d'un manche pour être tenue aisément. Elle est faite d'une seule pièce ou sertie dans le manche. Elle peut être en métal, en bois, en plastique, en corne ou dans d'autres matériaux, et parfois jetable. Elle s'utilise le plus souvent avec un couteau servant, soit à découper les aliments avant de les piquer avec la fourchette pour les porter en bouche, soit pour les y pousser."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"La fourchette est une petite fourche. De longues fourchettes pour saisir les aliments existaient dans l'Empire romain et surtout en Gaule. Les fourchettes actuelles sont apparues dans l'Empire byzantin, et étaient encore considérées au milieu du XIe siècle comme un raffinement extrême (et condamnable) par l'ecclésiastique Pierre Damien, ce qui a conduit à tort certains auteurs à en conclure leur interdiction par l'Église jusqu'à la fin du XVIIe siècle.\n\nEn Italie, elles servaient à l'origine exclusivement à la consommation des pâtes ou à la découpe de viande par l'écuyer tranchant."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Fourchette","en":"Fork"},"family":"utensils","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Fork","resolvedTitle":"Fork","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81881"},"entityId":"Q81881"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:galena","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:galena","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Galena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena","revisionId":1378296427,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T21:30:43Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378296427","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galena&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:55.765Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Galena","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver.\n\nGalena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.\n\nAs a pure specimen held in the hand, under standard temperature and pressure, galena is insoluble in water and so is almost non-toxic."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Occurrence","text":"Galena is the main ore of lead, used since ancient times, since lead can be smelted from galena in an ordinary wood fire. Galena typically is found in hydrothermal veins in association with sphalerite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, cerussite, anglesite, dolomite, calcite, quartz, barite, and fluorite. It is also found in association with sphalerite in low-temperature lead-zinc deposits within limestone beds. Minor amounts are found in contact metamorphic zones, in pegmatites, and disseminated in sedimentary rock.\n\nIn some deposits, the galena contains up to 0.5% silver, a byproduct that far surpasses the main lead ore in revenue."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Uses","text":"One of the oldest uses of galena was to produce kohl, an eye cosmetic now regarded as toxic due to the risk of lead poisoning. In Ancient Egypt, this was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, which were a potential source of disease.\n\nIn pre-Columbian North America, galena was used by indigenous peoples as an ingredient in decorative paints and cosmetics, and widely traded throughout the eastern United States. Traces of galena are frequently found at the Mississippian city at Kincaid Mounds in present-day Illinois. The galena used at the site originated from deposits in southeastern and central Missouri and the Upper Mississippi Valley."}]},"fr":{"title":"Galène","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A8ne","revisionId":239299726,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-07T09:55:26Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239299726","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A8ne&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:58.878Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Galène","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La galène est une espèce minérale composée de sulfure de plomb de formule PbS avec des traces d'autres éléments chimiques : Ag, Bi, Se, Te, Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, As, Sb, Mo, Au, d'où l'existence de nombreuses variétés. Elle forme une série avec la clausthalite."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Utilisation","text":"La galène fut utilisée comme minerai de plomb dès l'Antiquité (au moins - 3000 av. J.-C.) et en tant que teinture noire (le carbonate, qui donne la céruse, est en revanche d'un blanc très couvrant). Elle joue depuis toujours un rôle important dans l'histoire de l'humanité puisqu'elle est quasiment l'unique source de plomb sur Terre. Elle servait aussi dans l'Égypte ancienne à la fabrication du khôl, un maquillage pour les yeux.\n\nC'est un minéral qui fond facilement en donnant un globule jaune de litharge (monoxyde de plomb). Il ne se dissout qu'à chaud dans l'acide chlorhydrique, provoquant un dégagement d'hydrogène sulfuré."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Galène","en":"Galena"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Galena","resolvedTitle":"Galena","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37559"},"entityId":"Q37559"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:hematite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:hematite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Hematite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite","revisionId":1371461042,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-26T15:46:16Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371461042","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hematite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:33.335Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Hematite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Hematite ( HE(E)M-ə-tyte), also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula Fe2O3 and is widely found in rocks and soils. Hematite crystals belong to the rhombohedral lattice system which is designated the alpha polymorph of Fe2O3. It has the same crystal structure as corundum (Al2O3) and ilmenite (FeTiO3). With this crystal structure geometry it forms a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F).\n\nHematite occurs naturally in black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish-brown, or red colors. It is mined as an important ore mineral of iron. It is electrically conductive."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Etymology and history","text":"The name hematite is derived from the Greek word for blood, αἷμα (haima), due to the red coloration found in some varieties of hematite. The color of hematite is often used as a pigment. The English name of the stone is derived from Middle French hématite pierre, which was taken from Latin lapis haematites c. the 15th century, which originated from Ancient Greek αἱματίτης λίθος (haimatitēs lithos, \"blood-red stone\").\n\nOchre is a clay that is colored by varying amounts of hematite, varying between 20% and 70%. Red ochre contains unhydrated hematite, whereas yellow ochre contains hydrated hematite (Fe2O3 · H2O). The principal use of ochre is for tinting with a permanent color."}]},"fr":{"title":"Hématite","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9matite","revisionId":239758883,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-23T20:05:12Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239758883","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9matite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:36.723Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Hématite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L’hématite est une espèce minérale composée d’oxyde de fer(III) de formule Fe2O3 avec des traces de titane Ti, d'aluminium Al, de manganèse Mn et d'eau H2O. C'est le polymorphe α rhomboédrique de l'oxyde ferrique Fe2O3, le polymorphe γ étant la maghémite.\n\nC’est un minéral très courant, dévoilant de nombreuses formes cristallines, de densité proche de 5,26 et de dureté avoisinant 6, de couleur noire brillante à gris argenté pour les cristaux, brun à rouge ou rouge pour les amas terreux. Les cristaux peuvent atteindre 13 cm. Il constitue la base anhydre de l'excellent minerai de fer oligiste, appelé aussi « hématite rouge »."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire, usages de l'hématite","text":"L'hématite a été utilisée comme pigment (rouge) dès le Paléolithique moyen, en Afrique et peut-être en Asie mais aussi en Europe (site du Belvédère à Maastricht, Pays-Bas) par nos ancêtres Homo sapiens. Au Paléolithique supérieur elle est pulvérisée puis mélangée à l'eau ou (plus rarement) aux huiles végétales et animales, et appliquée sur la roche des murs pour dessiner et peindre les grottes et cavités. Elle était aussi appliquée sur les objets, dont probablement les vêtements mais aussi les outils et armes."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Hématite","en":"Hematite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Hematite","resolvedTitle":"Hematite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103223"},"entityId":"Q103223"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:jug","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:jug","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Jug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jug","revisionId":1356400605,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-27T14:54:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356400605","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jug&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:52.341Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Jug","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A jug is a type of container commonly used to hold and serve liquids, but not normally to drink from directly. It has an opening, sometimes narrow, from which to pour or drink, and has a handle, and usually a pouring lip. Jugs throughout history have been made of metal, ceramic, or glass, and plastic is now common.\n\nIn British English, jugs are pouring vessels for holding drinkable liquids, whether beer, water or soft drinks. In North American English these table jugs are usually called pitchers. Ewer is an older word for jugs or pitchers, and there are several others, such as flagon.\n\nSeveral other types of containers are also called jugs, depending on locale, tradition, and personal preference."}]},"fr":{"title":"Broc (récipient)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broc_(r%C3%A9cipient)","revisionId":236939825,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-10T16:14:31Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236939825","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broc%20(r%C3%A9cipient)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:54.010Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Broc (récipient)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un broc (/bʁo/) est un récipient, le plus souvent métallique, à bec évasé, servant à transvaser des liquides (en quantités assez importantes).\n\nDes brocs étaient utilisés dans le passé pour la toilette. Ils étaient dans ce cas en métal ou faïence, associés à une bassine de même matière (le service de toilette)."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Pichet","en":"Jug"},"family":"vessels","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Jug","resolvedTitle":"Jug","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2413314"},"entityId":"Q2413314"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:kettle","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:kettle","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Kettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettle","revisionId":1379703212,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-11T12:36:19Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379703212","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kettle&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:55:00.786Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Kettle","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A kettle, sometimes called a tea kettle or teakettle, is a device specialized for boiling water, commonly with a lid, spout, and handle. There are two main types: the stovetop kettle, which uses heat from a hob, and the electric kettle, which is a small kitchen appliance with an internal heating element. Kettles are used mainly in the preparation of hot beverages, but also in food preparation."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bouilloire","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouilloire","revisionId":236878251,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-08T10:19:07Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236878251","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouilloire&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:55:03.593Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bouilloire","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La bouilloire (dont le nom est dérivé du verbe « bouillir ») est un ustensile de cuisine utilisé pour porter de l'eau à ébullition. Elle est couramment utilisée pour la préparation du thé, du café ou de tisanes.\n\nIl existe deux principaux types de bouilloires : les bouilloires en métal que l'on chauffe de façon externe et les bouilloires électriques, disposant d'un chauffage intégré."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire et terminologie","text":"la bouillotte, dont le nom est attesté en 1788, mais ce terme s'applique principalement depuis la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle au réservoir d'eau chaude servant à se réchauffer.\n\nAu Québec, où la bouilloire désigne parfois une chaudière à vapeur, elle est parfois appelée bombe ou canard."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bouilloire","en":"Kettle"},"family":"vessels","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Kettle","resolvedTitle":"Kettle","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107444"},"entityId":"Q107444"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:knife","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:knife","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife","revisionId":1378988550,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T06:33:17Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378988550","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knife&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:50.498Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Knife","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A knife (pl.: knives; from Old Norse knifr 'knife, dirk') is a tool or weapon with a cutting edge or blade, usually attached to a handle or hilt. One of the earliest tools used by humanity, knives appeared at least 2.5 million years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools. Originally made of wood, bone, and stone (such as flint and obsidian), over the centuries, in step with improvements in both metallurgy and manufacturing, knife blades have been made from copper, bronze, iron, steel, ceramic, and titanium. Most modern knives have fixed or folding blades, with styles varying by maker and country.\n\nKnives can serve various purposes."}]},"fr":{"title":"Couteau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couteau","revisionId":239515420,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-15T09:47:04Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239515420","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couteau&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:52.035Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Couteau","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un couteau est un outil tranchant ou une arme blanche comportant une lame (suffisamment courte pour ne pas être qualifiée de sabre ou de machette) et un manche (ou une partie de la lame réservée à cette fonction) permettant de manier l'outil sans se blesser."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Les couteaux sont l’un des outils les plus anciens et polyvalents de l’histoire de l’humanité. De la préparation des aliments à la survie en plein air, en passant par les arts martiaux, les couteaux ont joué un rôle central dans de nombreuses facettes de notre vie. Explorons l’histoire du couteau et son évolution à travers le temps, les différents types de couteaux utilisés dans divers domaines, et l’importance de choisir le bon couteau pour des tâches spécifiques."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Classification géographique et par usage","text":"Il existe une grande variété de couteaux. Les couteaux peuvent être regroupés suivant les usages auxquels ils sont destinés. La définition de ces catégories est parfois floue."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Couteau","en":"Knife"},"family":"utensils","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Knife","resolvedTitle":"Knife","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32489"},"entityId":"Q32489"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:ladle","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:ladle","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ladle (spoon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)","revisionId":1362001452,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-01T10:06:45Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362001452","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladle%20(spoon)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:21.037Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Ladle (spoon)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A ladle is a large, deep spoon, often used in the preparation and serving of soup, stew, or other foods.\n\nAlthough designs vary, a typical ladle has a long handle terminating in a deep bowl, frequently with the bowl oriented at an angle to the handle to facilitate lifting liquid out of a pot or other vessel and conveying it to a bowl. Some ladles have a lip on the side of the ladle's bowl to allow for a finer stream when pouring the liquid; however, this can create difficulty for left-handed users as it is easier to pour towards oneself. Thus, many of these ladles feature such lips on both sides."}]},"fr":{"title":"Louche","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louche","revisionId":228800240,"revisionTimestamp":"2025-09-08T08:45:42Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=228800240","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louche&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:23.865Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Louche","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La louche est un instrument de cuisine composé d'un manche relativement long et d'un cuilleron (tête hémisphérique plus ou moins grande mais assez profonde), formant une grande cuillère à long manche.\n\nSon utilité première est de permettre de prélever une certaine quantité de nourriture, d'ingrédients ou de condiments dans un récipient profond (d'où le manche), à l'origine la marmite de soupe."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Les louches métalliques européennes les plus anciennes connues sont celles fabriquées par les bronziers gaulois, dès la période du Hallstatt ou du premier âge du fer suivant les modèles. Leur forme, une petite coupe sertie au bout d'un long manche est restée identique durant deux millénaires."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Louche","en":"Ladle"},"family":"utensils","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Ladle (spoon)","resolvedTitle":"Ladle (spoon)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193358"},"entityId":"Q193358"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:malachite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:malachite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Malachite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite","revisionId":1377726713,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-30T20:33:19Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377726713","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:02.524Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Malachite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Malachite () is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, with the formula Cu2CO3(OH)2. This opaque, green-banded mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, and most often forms botryoidal, fibrous, or stalagmitic masses, in fractures and deep, underground spaces, where the water table and hydrothermal fluids provide the means for chemical precipitation. Individual crystals are rare, but occur as slender to acicular prisms. Pseudomorphs after more tabular or blocky azurite crystals also occur."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Etymology and history","text":"The stone's name derives (via Latin: molochītis, Middle French: melochite, and Middle English melochites) from Greek Μολοχίτης λίθος molochites lithos, \"mallow-green stone\", from μολόχη molochē, variant of μαλάχη malāchē, \"mallow\". The mineral was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of the mallow plant. Copper (Cu2+) gives malachite its green color.\n\nMalachite was mined from deposits near the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai as early as 4000 BC.\n\nIt was extensively mined at the Great Orme Mines in Britain 3,800 years ago, using stone and bone tools."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Occurrence","text":"Malachite often results from the supergene weathering and oxidation of primary sulfidic copper ores and is often found with azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2), goethite, and calcite. Except for its vibrant green color, the properties of malachite are similar to those of azurite and aggregates of the two minerals occur frequently. Malachite is more common than azurite and is typically associated with copper deposits around limestones, the source of the carbonate.\n\nLarge quantities of malachite have been mined in the Urals, Russia. Ural malachite is not being mined as of 2006, but G.N Vertushkova reports the possible discovery of new deposits of malachite in the Urals."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Health and environmental concerns","text":"Mining for malachite for ornamental or copper ore purposes involves open-pit mining or underground mining depending on the grade of the ore deposits. These mining practices can cause environmental degradation through habitat and biodiversity loss. Acid mine drainage can contaminate water and food sources to impact human health negatively if improperly managed or if leaks from tailing ponds occur."}]},"fr":{"title":"Malachite","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite","revisionId":238059362,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-23T23:26:07Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238059362","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:05.990Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Malachite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La malachite est un minéral secondaire des zones d'oxydation des gisements de cuivre, de formule Cu2CO3(OH)2, faisant partie du groupe des carbonates minéraux et du sous-groupe des carbonates anhydres avec anions étrangers."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés physiques","text":"Les cristaux de malachite sont aciculaires ou prismatiques, et peuvent atteindre 9 cm. Mais la malachite se trouve le plus souvent sous forme massive, botryoïdale, mamelonnée, fibreuse, stalactitique, en agrégats, grenue, terreuse, en rosette, en croûte, radiée, concrétionnée, cunéiforme, compacte, en enduit, ainsi qu'en pseudomorphose."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Malachite","en":"Malachite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Malachite","resolvedTitle":"Malachite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164411"},"entityId":"Q164411"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:mirror","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:mirror","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror","revisionId":1379302156,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-09T03:14:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379302156","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:44.784Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Mirror","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A mirror, also known as a looking glass, is an object that reflects an image. Light that bounces off a mirror forms an image of whatever is in front of it, which is then focused through the lens of the eye or a camera. Mirrors reverse the direction of light at an angle equal to its incidence. This allows the viewer to see themselves or objects behind them, or even objects that are at an angle from them but out of their field of view, such as around a corner. Natural mirrors have existed since prehistoric times, such as the surface of water, but people have been manufacturing mirrors out of a variety of materials for thousands of years, like stone, metals, and glass."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Prehistory","text":"The first mirrors used by humans were most likely pools of still water, or shiny stones. The requirements for making a good mirror are a surface with a very high degree of flatness (preferably but not necessarily with high reflectivity), and a surface roughness smaller than the wavelength of the light.\n\nThe earliest manufactured mirrors were pieces of polished stone such as obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass. Examples of obsidian mirrors found at Çatalhöyük in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) have been dated to around 6000 BCE. Mirrors of polished copper were crafted in Mesopotamia from 4000 BCE, and in ancient Egypt from around 3000 BCE."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Manufacturing","text":"Mirrors are usually manufactured by either polishing a naturally reflective material, such as speculum metal, or by applying a reflective coating to a suitable polished substrate.\n\nIn some applications, generally those that are cost-sensitive or that require great durability, such as for mounting in a prison cell, mirrors may be made from a single, bulk material such as polished metal. However, metals consist of small crystals (grains) separated by grain boundaries that may prevent the surface from attaining optical smoothness and uniform reflectivity."}]},"fr":{"title":"Miroir","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroir","revisionId":239214729,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-04T10:03:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239214729","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miroir&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:46.902Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Miroir","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un miroir est un objet possédant une surface suffisamment polie pour qu'une image s'y forme par réflexion et qui est conçu à cet effet. C'est souvent une couche métallique fine, qui, pour être protégée, est placée sous une plaque de verre pour les miroirs domestiques (les miroirs utilisés dans les instruments d'optiques comportent la face métallique au-dessus, le verre n'étant qu'un support de qualité mécanique stable).\n\nEn termes de miroiterie, le miroir est une glace de petit volume, c'est-à-dire de petites dimensions."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Si l'Homme a probablement utilisé des plans d'eau sombre et calme, ou de l'eau recueillie dans un récipient pour pouvoir admirer son reflet dans un premier temps, les premiers miroirs fabriqués étaient des morceaux de pierre polie comme l'obsidienne, un verre volcanique naturel. Les exemples les plus anciens d'obsidienne trouvés en Anatolie sont datés d'environ 6000 av. J.-C. Des miroirs plus réfléchissants en surface métallique polie furent ensuite conçus : miroirs en cuivre poli datés en Mésopotamie à partir de 4000 av. J.-C. et dans l’Égypte ancienne aux environs de 3000 ans av. J.-C. ; miroirs en bronze poli fabriqués en Chine à partir de 2000 ans av. J.-C.."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Miroir","en":"Mirror"},"family":"accessories","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Mirror","resolvedTitle":"Mirror","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35197"},"entityId":"Q35197"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:necklace","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:necklace","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace","revisionId":1366868681,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-30T17:51:07Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366868681","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necklace&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Necklace","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A necklace is an article of jewellery that is worn around the neck. Necklaces may have been one of the earliest types of adornment worn by humans. They often serve ceremonial, religious, magical, or funerary purposes and are also used as symbols of wealth and status, given that they are commonly made of precious metals and stones.\n\nThe main component of a necklace is the band, chain, or cord that wraps around the neck. It is most often rendered in precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum. Necklaces often have additional attachments suspended or inset into the necklace itself."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Prehistoric neckware","text":"Prehistoric peoples often used natural materials such as feathers, bone, shells, and plant materials to create necklaces. Evidence of early Upper Paleolithic necklace making in southern Africa and east Africa dates back to 50,000 BP. By the Bronze Age metallic jewellery had replaced pre-metallic adornments. Necklaces were first depicted in statuary and art of the Ancient Near East, and early necklaces made of precious metals with inset stones were created in Europe."}]},"fr":{"title":"Collier","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier","revisionId":236967903,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-11T18:11:14Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236967903","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collier&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:04.271Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Collier","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un collier est un type de bijou ou de vêtement porté autour du cou.\n\nLes colliers sont habituellement constitués d'une chaîne de métal, souvent précieux, qui peut ou non servir de support à des éléments décoratifs (enfilés comme des perles, en pendentif, etc.). On utilise en général des pierres précieuses ou semi-précieuses, les gemmes, du bois, du cuir, des coquillages, etc."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Collier","en":"Necklace"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Necklace","resolvedTitle":"Necklace","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189299"},"entityId":"Q189299"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:purse","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:purse","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Coin purse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_purse","revisionId":1372125945,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-30T13:19:48Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372125945","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coin%20purse&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:59.757Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Coin purse","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A purse or pouch (from the Latin bursa, which in turn, is from the Greek βύρσα, býrsa, oxhide), sometimes called coin purse for clarity, is a small money bag or pouch, made for carrying coins. In most Commonwealth countries it is known simply as a purse, while \"purse\" in the United States usually refers to a handbag. An obsolete variant is a porte-monnaie. \"Purse\" can also be a synonym to bursary (which has the same origin), i.e. a monetary prize in a competition."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"The oldest known purse was found with Ötzi the Iceman who lived around 3,300 BC. Another early example is on Egyptian hieroglyphs, which show pouches worn over the shoulder. The purse-lid from the Sutton Hoo burial is a very elaborate, probably royal, metalwork cover for a (presumably) leather Anglo-Saxon purse of about 600 AD. In Europe they often showed social status based on the embroidery and quality of the bag.\n\nIn the 15th century, both men and women wore purses. They were often finely embroidered or ornamented with gold. It was also customary for men to give their new brides purses embroidered with an illustration of a love story."}]},"fr":{"title":"Porte-monnaie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte-monnaie","revisionId":225206713,"revisionTimestamp":"2025-04-28T16:51:22Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=225206713","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porte-monnaie&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:04.820Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Porte-monnaie","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un portemonnaie, ou porte-monnaie, est un accessoire utilisé pour ranger ses pièces de monnaie."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Dans le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, le mot fait son apparition à partir de l'édition de 1878 : « PORTE-MONNAIE. s. m. Petit sac de cuir et à fermoir qui tient lieu de bourse. »."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bourse","en":"Purse"},"family":"accessories","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Coin purse","resolvedTitle":"Coin purse","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771699"},"entityId":"Q1771699"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:pyrite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:pyrite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite","revisionId":1372307362,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-31T05:29:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372307362","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:40.166Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Pyrite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"The mineral pyrite ( PY-ryte), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral.\n\nPyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's gold. The color has also led to the nicknames brass, brazzle, and brazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal.\n\nPyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz veins, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock, as well as in coal beds and as a replacement mineral in fossils, but has also been identified in the sclerites of scaly-foot gastropods."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historical","text":"The oldest definitive evidence for fire making (i.e. igniting a new fire) dates to ~400,000 years ago at a Neanderthal site in Suffolk, England, where burnt soil was found along with fire-cracked flint handaxes and two fragments of iron pyrite, used to strike sparks with flint. At other sites in France dating from 50,000 years ago onwards, dozens of Neanderthal hand axes exhibit use-wear traces suggesting they were struck with pyrite to produce sparks. Ötzi, a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived in the Ötztal Alps between 3350 and 3105 BCE, carried fire-making material in the form of tinder fungus with flint and pyrite for creating sparks."},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Research","text":"In July 2020 scientists reported that they have observed a voltage-induced transformation of normally diamagnetic pyrite into a ferromagnetic material, which may lead to applications in devices such as solar cells or magnetic data storage.\n\nResearchers at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland have demonstrated that FeS2 can be exfoliated into few-layers just like other two-dimensional layered materials such as graphene by a simple liquid-phase exfoliation route. This is the first study to demonstrate the production of non-layered 2D-platelets from 3D bulk FeS2."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Occurrence","text":"Pyrite is the most common of sulfide minerals and is widespread in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It is a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks, where it also occasionally occurs as larger masses arising from an immiscible sulfide phase in the original magma. It is found in metamorphic rocks as a product of contact metamorphism. It also forms as a high-temperature hydrothermal mineral, though it occasionally forms at lower temperatures.\n\nPyrite occurs both as a primary mineral, present in the original sediments, and as a secondary mineral, deposited during diagenesis."}]},"fr":{"title":"Pyrite","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite","revisionId":234669366,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-03-31T11:11:41Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=234669366","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:41.226Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Pyrite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La pyrite est une espèce minérale composée de disulfure de fer (FeS2), polymorphe de la marcassite ; elle contient généralement des traces de métaux précieux comme de l'argent (Ag) et de l'or (Au), ainsi que des traces de métaux lourds et métalloïdes toxiques nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As), cuivre (Cu), zinc (Zn), thallium (Tl), sélénium (Se) et vanadium (V), et qui rendent son exploitation en tant que minerai très polluante."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Utilisation","text":"La pyrite est exploitée aussi bien comme source de soufre que de fer. Cette industrie très polluante tend cependant à être remplacée par d'autres procédés. En 1985, 18 % du soufre produit était obtenu à partir de ce minerai. La quantité extraite est de moins de 8 % 25 ans plus tard, soit 6,6 millions de tonnes extraites par an, dont 6 millions rien qu'en Chine. Elle n'est pas utilisée comme source de fer pour la fabrication de l'acier car le coût d'extraction est supérieur par rapport à celui de l'hématite (Fe2O3) ou à la magnétite (Fe3O4)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Problèmes sanitaires et environnementaux","text":"Son utilisation dans le remblai autour des fondations de diverses constructions, notamment au Québec et accidentellement comme composant pour le béton à Trois-Rivières, a été à l'origine de critiques en raison de l'affaiblissement des fondations dû aux fissures provoquées par gonflement. Ce gonflement est produit par la réaction de la pyrite avec l'eau, l'air et la chaux (Ca(OH)2) du béton. Les solides produits, hydroxyde ferrique (Fe(OH)3) et gypse (CaSO4(H2O)2), sont plus volumineux que les réactifs solides car ils incorporent les atomes des fluides réactifs ; eau (H2O) et dioxygène (O2) ."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Pyrite","en":"Pyrite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Pyrite","resolvedTitle":"Pyrite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50769"},"entityId":"Q50769"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:quartz","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:quartz","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz","revisionId":1379162649,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-08T08:16:38Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379162649","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:20.030Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Quartz","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Quartz is a hard mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). Its atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen atom being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Therefore, quartz is classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most common mineral or mineral group in Earth's lithosphere, comprising about 12% by mass.\n\nQuartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Occurrence","text":"Quartz is the second most abundant mineral or mineral group in the Earth's lithosphere; by mass, the feldspar group comprises 41% of the lithosphere, followed by quartz at 12% and the pyroxene group at 11%. Quartz is a defining constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks. It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale. It is a common constituent of schist, gneiss, quartzite and other metamorphic rocks. Quartz has the lowest potential for weathering in the Goldich dissolution series and consequently it is very common as a residual mineral in stream sediments and residual soils."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Uses","text":"Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, such as Newgrange or Carrowmore in Ireland. Quartz was also used in prehistoric Ireland, as well as many other countries, for stone tools; both vein quartz and rock crystal were knapped as part of the lithic technology of prehistoric peoples."}]},"fr":{"title":"Quartz (minéral)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(min%C3%A9ral)","revisionId":239758002,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-23T19:21:51Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239758002","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartz%20(min%C3%A9ral)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:26.631Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Quartz (minéral)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le quartz est un minéral du groupe des silicates, sous-groupe des tectosilicates, composé de dioxyde de silicium, ou silice, de formule chimique SiO2, avec des traces de différents éléments tels que Al, Li, B, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ti, Rb, Na, OH.\n\nIl se présente sous la forme de grands cristaux incolores, colorés ou fumés, ou bien de cristaux microscopiques d'aspect translucide.\n\nConstituant 12 % (en masse) de la lithosphère, le quartz est le minéral le plus commun de la croûte terrestre (l'oxygène et le silicium sont respectivement les premier et deuxième constituants de la lithosphère, par ordre d'importance)."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés physiques","text":"Très dur (7 sur l'échelle de Mohs), le quartz α cristallise au-dessous de 573 °C et le quartz β entre 573 °C et 870 °C à la pression atmosphérique au niveau de la mer.\n\nÀ 573 °C (le « point quartz » en cuisson de poterie), le quartz α (polymorphe de basse température) se transforme en quartz β (polymorphe de haute température). C'est une transformation displacive — les déplacements relatifs des atomes y sont environ dix fois plus petits que leur distance inter-atomique — avec une augmentation de volume de l'ordre de 0,829 %.\n\nContrairement à la phase α, la phase β n'est que très peu piézoélectrique."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Propriétés optiques","text":"Le quartz peut présenter une fluorescence en fonction des impuretés qui le composent. Il peut également présenter les phénomènes de triboluminescence.\n\nLe quartz n'absorbe pas dans l'ultraviolet, on utilise donc des cuves en quartz pour mesurer l'absorbance de molécules qui absorbent dans l'UV (ADN par exemple).\n\nLes cristaux de quartz sont biréfringents uniaxes positifs, et présentent une activité optique."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Quartz","en":"Quartz"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Quartz","resolvedTitle":"Quartz","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43010"},"entityId":"Q43010"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:ring","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:ring","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ring (jewellery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)","revisionId":1374588470,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-12T23:45:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374588470","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring%20(jewellery)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Ring (jewellery)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A ring is a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry. The term \"ring\" by itself denotes jewellery worn on the finger; when worn as an ornament elsewhere, the body part is specified within the term, e.g., earrings, neck rings, arm rings, and toe rings. Rings fit snugly around or in the part of the body they ornament, so bands worn loosely, like a bracelet, are not rings. Rings may be made of almost any hard material: wood, bone, stone, metal, glass, jade, gemstone or plastic. They may be set with gemstones (diamond, ruby, sapphire or emerald) or with other types of stone or glass."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Ancient India","text":"Rings and other types of jewelry including necklaces, bracelets, earrings, bangles and pendants have been discovered from the 3rd millennium BCE Indus Valley civilization. Factories of small beads have been discovered in Lothal, India."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bague","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bague","revisionId":238719093,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-17T18:36:12Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238719093","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bague&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bague","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une bague est un bijou qui se porte généralement au doigt en forme d'anneau, plus ou moins large, serti ou non de pierres et quelquefois gravé. Au même titre que les boucles d'oreille, les bagues peuvent être constituées de toutes sortes de matériaux, incluant métal, plastique, bois, os et verre. Quand l'anneau comporte une partie sertie, on la désigne sous le terme chaton. La partie sertie est en général une ou plusieurs pierres précieuses ou fines comme le diamant, rubis, saphir ou émeraude."},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Traces archéologiques","text":"Les plus anciennes bagues de l'Histoire connues à ce jour ont été datées de 21000 ans. Plusieurs exemplaires ont été découverts à Pavlov, en République tchèque. Ces bagues étaient fabriquées en ivoire de mammouth. Les bagues semblent avoir été autant un objet de décoration qu'une monnaie d'échange.\n\nAu cours de découvertes archéologiques ont été découvertes des bagues appartenant à la civilisation hittite. Celles-ci comprenaient également des chevalières. Les Égyptiens avaient eux aussi une grande variété de bagues, dont quelques exemples célèbres comme le modèle en forme de scarabée. Au fur et à mesure de l'Histoire, les anneaux égyptiens se sont complexifiés."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bague","en":"Ring"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Ring (jewellery)","resolvedTitle":"Ring (jewellery)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46847"},"entityId":"Q46847"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:sphalerite","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:sphalerite","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Sphalerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite","revisionId":1379703908,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-11T12:43:02Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379703908","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphalerite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:54.651Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Sphalerite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Sphalerite is a sulfide mineral with the chemical formula (Zn, Fe)S. It is the most important ore of zinc. Sphalerite is found in a variety of deposit types, but it is primarily in sedimentary exhalative, Mississippi-Valley type, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. It is found in association with galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite (and other sulfides), calcite, dolomite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and fluorite.\n\nGerman geologist Ernst Friedrich Glocker discovered sphalerite in 1847, naming it based on the Greek word sphălerós (σφαλερός), meaning 'deceiving', due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral.\n\nIn addition to zinc, sphalerite is an ore of cadmium, gallium, germanium, and indium."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Physical properties","text":"Sphalerite possesses perfect dodecahedral cleavage, having six cleavage planes. In pure form, it is a semiconductor, but transitions to a conductor as the iron content increases. It has a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.\n\nIt can be distinguished from similar minerals by its perfect cleavage, its distinctive resinous luster, and the reddish-brown streak of the darker varieties."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Optical properties","text":"Pure zinc sulfide is a wide-bandgap semiconductor, with bandgap of about 3.54 electron volts, which makes the pure material transparent in the visible spectrum. Increasing iron content will make the material opaque, while various impurities can give the crystal a variety of colors. In thin section, sphalerite exhibits very high positive relief and appears colorless to pale yellow or brown, with no pleochroism.\n\nThe refractive index of sphalerite (as measured via sodium light, average wavelength 589.3 nm) ranges from 2.37 when it is pure ZnS to 2.50 when there is 40% iron content."}]},"fr":{"title":"Sphalérite","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphal%C3%A9rite","revisionId":233359309,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-02-16T15:48:24Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=233359309","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphal%C3%A9rite&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:57.480Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Sphalérite","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le sulfure de zinc (ZnS) cristallise en plusieurs polytypes, les deux principaux étant la sphalérite et la wurtzite. Bien que la formule idéale soit ZnS, la wurtzite est légèrement déficiente en soufre (ZnS1-x) et la sphalérite est légèrement déficiente en zinc (Zn1-xS).\n\nL’éclat, résineux, devient métallique quand le taux de fer augmente. La couleur varie d'incolore (sphalérite très pure) à jaune-brun ; avec du fer, elle devient noire.\n\nLorsqu'elle est pure, elle est un mauvais semi-conducteur, mais elle peut contenir en solution solide jusqu’à 50 % de fer et peut aussi être faiblement argentifère. Le manganèse et le cadmium peuvent aussi remplacer le zinc."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Sphalérite","en":"Sphalerite"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Sphalerite","resolvedTitle":"Sphalerite","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105006"},"entityId":"Q105006"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:spoon","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:spoon","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Spoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon","revisionId":1378988408,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T06:31:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378988408","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoon&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:25.687Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Spoon","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A spoon (UK: , US: SPOON) is a utensil consisting of a shallow bowl (also known as a head), oval or round, at the end of a handle. A type of cutlery (sometimes called flatware in the United States), especially as part of a place setting, it is used primarily for transferring food to the mouth (eating). Spoons are also used in food preparation to measure, mix, stir and toss ingredients and for serving food. Present day spoons are made from metal (notably stainless steel, flat silver or silverware, plated or solid), wood, porcelain or plastic. There are many different types of spoons made from different materials by different cultures for different purposes and food."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Preserved examples of various forms of spoons used by the ancient Egyptians include those composed of ivory, flint, slate and wood, many of them carved with religious symbols. During the Neolithic Ozieri civilization in Sardinia, ceramic ladles and spoons were already in use. In Shang dynasty China, spoons were made of bone. Early bronze spoons in China were designed with a sharp point, and may have also been used as cutlery. The spoons of the Greeks and Romans were chiefly made of bronze and silver and the handle usually takes the form of a spike or pointed stem."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Manufacture","text":"For machine-made spoons, the basic shape is cut out from a sheet of sterling silver, nickel silver alloy or stainless steel. The bowl is cross rolled between two pressurized rollers to produce a thinner section. The handle section is also rolled to produce the width required for the top end. The blank is then cropped to the required shape, and two dies are used to apply the pattern to the blank. The flash is then removed using a linisher, and the bowl is formed between two dies and bent.\n\nTo make a spoon the traditional way by way of hand forging, a bar of silver is marked up to the correct proportions for the bowl and handle."}]},"fr":{"title":"Cuillère","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuill%C3%A8re","revisionId":237636771,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-07T16:00:09Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237636771","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuill%C3%A8re&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:27.431Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Cuillère","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une cuillère, ou cuiller , est un ustensile de table ou de cuisine. Elle comporte un cuilleron, extrémité creuse et concave prolongée par un manche plus fin."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Préhistoire","text":"Pendant la préhistoire, plusieurs traces de « proto-cuillères » ont été découvertes.\n\nDes coquilles de mollusques tels que les Mytilus, les Charonia sont probablement utilisées comme des cuillères, du Paléolithique supérieur jusqu'à la fin du Néolithique.\n\nLa période du Paléolithique a également livré des cuillères en os, en ivoire et en bois. Au Néolithique, la céramique et la terre cuite sont aussi utilisées."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Cuillère","en":"Spoon"},"family":"utensils","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Spoon","resolvedTitle":"Spoon","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81895"},"entityId":"Q81895"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:sulfur","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:sulfur","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur","revisionId":1378989129,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T06:39:53Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378989129","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:40.653Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Sulfur","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Sulfur, also spelled as sulphur, is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.\n\nSulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Physical properties","text":"Sulfur forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is octasulfur, cyclo-S8. The point group of cyclo-S8 is D4d and its dipole moment is 0 D. Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless. It melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F), and boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F). At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur begins slowly changing from α-octasulfur to the β-polymorph. The structure of the S8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase transition, which affects the intermolecular interactions. Cooling molten sulfur freezes at 119.6 °C (247.3 °F), as it predominantly consists of the β-S8 molecules."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Chemical properties","text":"The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto S8 clusters, followed by disproportionation into the reaction products.\n\nThe second, fourth and sixth ionization energies of sulfur are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively. The composition of reaction products of sulfur with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on whether releasing of reaction energy overcomes these thresholds. Applying catalysts and/or supply of external energy may vary sulfur's oxidation state and the composition of reaction products."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Natural occurrence","text":"32S is produced by stellar nucleosynthesis inside massive stars, at a depth where the temperature exceeds 2.5×109 kelvins (4.50×109 °F), by the fusion of one nucleus of silicon plus one nucleus of helium. Because this nuclear reaction is part of the alpha process, which produces highly abundant elements, sulfur is the 10th most common element in the universe.\n\nSulfur, usually in the sulfide oxidation state, is present in many types of meteorites. Ordinary chondrites contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and carbonaceous chondrites may contain as much as 6.6%."}]},"fr":{"title":"Soufre","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufre","revisionId":238247033,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-31T08:03:27Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238247033","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soufre&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:44.143Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Soufre","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le soufre est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 16, de symbole S. Membre du groupe des chalcogènes, c'est un non-métal multivalent abondant.\n\nOn le trouve dans de nombreux minéraux (sulfures, sulfates et soufre natif), particulièrement dans les régions volcaniques. L'essentiel du soufre exploité est d'origine sédimentaire.\n\nC'est un élément essentiel pour tous les êtres vivants ; il intervient dans la formule de deux acides aminés naturels, la cystéine et la méthionine et, par conséquent, dans de nombreuses protéines.\n\nLe corps simple, insipide et insoluble dans l'eau, est surtout connu sous la forme de cristaux jaunes."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire et utilisation","text":"Le soufre est connu depuis la haute Antiquité. Vers 150 av. J.-C., Caton l'Ancien recommande le soufre contre la pyrale de la vigne avec une recette qui est l'une des premières recettes d'insecticide connues en Occident. Homère le cite comme « éloignant la vermine ».\n\nDans le livre XXII de l'Odyssée, Ulysse revient chez lui, trouve les prétendants, les massacre puis pend douze jeunes filles qui avaient vécu avec eux. Il allume alors un grand feu où il brûle du soufre pour purifier sa maison.\n\nla Bête de l'Apocalypse et un faux prophète sont jetés dans un étang ardent de soufre (Ap, 19, 20)."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Soufre","en":"Sulfur"},"family":"minerals","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Sulfur","resolvedTitle":"Sulfur","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682"},"entityId":"Q682"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:table","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:table","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Table (furniture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(furniture)","revisionId":1342499022,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-03-09T08:08:17Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342499022","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table%20(furniture)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Table (furniture)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A table is a piece of furniture with a raised flat top and is supported most commonly by 1 to 4 legs (although some can have more). It is used as a surface for working, eating or placing things. Some common types of tables are the dining room tables, which are used for seated persons to eat meals; the coffee table, which is a low table used in living rooms to display items or serve refreshments; and the bedside table, which is commonly used to place an alarm clock and a lamp. There are also a range of specialized types of tables, such as drafting tables, used for doing architectural drawings, and sewing tables.\n\nLegs arranged in two or more similar pairs. It usually has four legs."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Some very early tables were made and used by the Ancient Egyptians around 2500 BC, using wood and alabaster. They were often little more than stone platforms used to keep objects off the floor, though a few examples of wooden tables have been found in tombs. Food and drinks were usually put on large plates deposed on a pedestal for eating. The Egyptians made use of various small tables and elevated playing boards. The Chinese also created very early tables in order to pursue the arts of writing and painting, as did people in Mesopotamia, where various metals were used."}]},"fr":{"title":"Table","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table","revisionId":239514771,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-15T09:15:39Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239514771","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Table","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une table est un meuble composé d'une surface plane et horizontale (le plateau, par exemple de planches assemblées) soutenue par un ou plusieurs supports (pieds ou tréteaux). Dans la culture occidentale, elle est notamment mais pas uniquement utilisée pour les repas."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Le mot « table » en français vient de tabŭla en latin qui signifie tablette à écrire, tablette écrite, ou pièce écrite.\n\nLes plus anciennes tables connues nous viennent de l'Antiquité et notamment d'Égypte antique dont les archéologues ont retrouvé certains mobiliers. Les tables parfois damées, servaient à la fois à manger mais aussi pour les loisirs ou comme offrande.\n\nLa table du repas s'entend depuis la fin du Moyen Âge comme l'ensemble de ce « dessus de table » souvent simple planche, et de son piétement qui lui est indispensable (tréteaux en bois de fabrication sommaire ou richement ornés)."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Table","en":"Table"},"family":"furniture","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Table (furniture)","resolvedTitle":"Table (furniture)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14748"},"entityId":"Q14748"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:tea-strainer","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:tea-strainer","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Tea strainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_strainer","revisionId":1376065257,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-21T20:58:51Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376065257","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tea%20strainer&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:53:11.837Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Tea strainer","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A tea strainer is a type of strainer that is placed over or in a teacup to catch loose tea leaves. Despite the invention of the tea bag, it continues to be used widely as of 2026."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Function","text":"When tea is brewed in the traditional manner in a teapot, the tea leaves are not contained in teabags; rather, they are freely suspended in the water. As the leaves themselves are not consumed with the tea, it is usual to filter them out with a tea strainer. Strainers usually fit into the top of the cup to catch the leaves as the tea is poured.\n\nSome deeper tea strainers can also be used to brew single cups of tea, much as teabags or brewing baskets are used – the strainer full of leaves is set in a cup to brew the tea. It is then removed, along with the spent tea leaves, when the tea is ready to drink."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":["no-fr-encyclopedia-article"],"title":{"fr":"Passe-thé","en":"Tea strainer"},"family":"utensils","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Tea strainer","resolvedTitle":"Tea strainer","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2472574"},"entityId":"Q2472574"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:teapot","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:teapot","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Teapot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teapot","revisionId":1336068593,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-02-01T19:56:55Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336068593","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teapot&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:16.231Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Teapot","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A teapot is a vessel used for steeping tea leaves or a herbal mix in boiling or near-boiling water and serving the resulting infusion called tea; usually put in a teacup. It is one of the core components of teaware.\n\nTeapots usually have an opening with a lid at their top, where the dry tea and hot water are added, a handle for holding by hand, and a spout through which the tea is served. Some teapots have a strainer built-in on the inner edge of the spout. A small air hole in the lid is often created to stop the spout from dripping and splashing when tea is poured."}]},"fr":{"title":"Théière","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9i%C3%A8re","revisionId":237080510,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-15T20:11:36Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237080510","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9i%C3%A8re&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:20.035Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Théière","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une théière est un récipient à couvercle, muni d'une anse et d'un bec verseur, utilisé pour l'infusion et le service du thé. Existant dans toutes les formes et toutes les tailles, elle peut être en terre, grès, porcelaine, métaux (aluminium, acier inoxydable, fonte, cuivre, argent, or) ou verre."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"La théière dérive probablement des bouilloires en céramique et des pots à vin en bronze ou en d'autres métaux qui furent une caractéristique de la vie culturelle chinoise pendant des milliers d'années. Le premier exemplaire de théière qui ait survécu semble être celui du Flagstaff House Museum of Teaware (en), datant de 1513 et attribué à Gongchun.\n\nElle apparaît pour la première fois en France en 1686 lors de la visite des ambassadeurs de Siam à la cour de Versailles attirée à cette époque par les chinoiseries.\n\nSon modèle classique piriforme apparaît dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Théière","en":"Teapot"},"family":"vessels","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Teapot","resolvedTitle":"Teapot","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245005"},"entityId":"Q245005"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:tureen","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:tureen","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Tureen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tureen","revisionId":1350321177,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-04-21T07:16:06Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350321177","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tureen&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:50.687Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Tureen","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A tureen is a serving dish for foods such as soups or stews, often shaped as a broad, deep, oval vessel with fixed handles and a low domed cover with a knob or handle. Over the centuries, tureens have appeared in many different forms: round, rectangular, or made into fanciful shapes such as animals or wildfowl. Tureens may be ceramic—either the glazed earthenware called faience, or porcelain—or silver, and customarily they stand on an undertray or platter made en suite."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"The tureen's prehistory may be traced to the use of the communal bowl, but during the reign of Louis XIV it was developed from a practical covered serving vessel into one of the most richly ornamented centerpieces of the formal apparatus of dining. This period also saw the old practice of dressing the dinner table with every dish at once (service à la française) superseded by the new practice of separate courses at meal time (service à la russe), each entrée entering from the kitchens with an air of ceremony.\n\nSoup remained the first course of most meals, from the king's table to the peasant's, and the soup tureen on its serving platter provided the opening ceremony."}]},"fr":{"title":"Soupière","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soupi%C3%A8re","revisionId":204059769,"revisionTimestamp":"2023-05-08T07:21:01Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=204059769","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soupi%C3%A8re&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:51.818Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Soupière","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une soupière est un récipient large et profond, pouvant être muni d'un couvercle et d'anses, utilisé pour servir la soupe ou le potage.\n\nElle peut être fabriquée en terre cuite, faïence, porcelaine, vermeil ou argent."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Soupière","en":"Tureen"},"family":"vessels","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Tureen","resolvedTitle":"Tureen","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893641"},"entityId":"Q1893641"},{"id":"smithsonian:type:vase","canonicalId":"smithsonian:type:vase","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vase","revisionId":1368882942,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-11T16:38:37Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368882942","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vase&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:36.127Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Vase","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A vase (, , or ) is an open container. It can be made from a number of materials, such as ceramics, glass, or non-rusting metals, such as aluminium, brass, bronze, or stainless steel. Even wood has been used to make vases, either by using tree species that naturally resist rot, such as teak, or by applying a protective coating to conventional wood or plastic. Vases are often decorated, and they are often used to hold cut flowers. Vases come in different sizes to support whatever flower is being held or kept in place.\n\nVases generally share a similar shape. The foot or the base may be bulbous, flat, carinate, or another shape. The body forms the main portion of the piece."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"There is a long history of the form and function of the vase in nearly all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are the only artistic evidence left from vanished cultures. In the beginning stages of pottery, the coiling method of building was the most utilized technique to make pottery. The coiling method is the act of working the clay into long cylindrical strips that later become smooth walls."}]},"fr":{"title":"Vase (récipient)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vase_(r%C3%A9cipient)","revisionId":232587325,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-01-20T07:17:33Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=232587325","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vase%20(r%C3%A9cipient)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:54:41.222Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Vase (récipient)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un vase est un récipient ouvert, de taille variable, fabriqué dans divers matériaux comme la porcelaine, la céramique, le verre, le plastic, etc. et destiné à contenir des liquides (boissons ou eau pour la conservation de fleurs coupées) ou des matières granuleuses (comme des cendres funéraires) ; il peut servir de décoration dans une salle ou de support pour une décoration (bouquet de fleurs séchées par exemple).\n\nLes vases sont décorés dans le but de mettre en valeur leur contenu ou eux-mêmes.\n\nDans la Grèce antique, le terme vase désigne une grande variété de récipients dont les formes sont classées selon une typologie bien établie."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Vase","en":"Vase"},"family":"vessels","collection":"smithsonian-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Vase","resolvedTitle":"Vase","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191851"},"entityId":"Q191851"},{"id":"type:basket","canonicalId":"type:basket","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket","revisionId":1355373330,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-21T13:26:53Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355373330","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basket&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Basket","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A basket is a container that is traditionally constructed from stiff fibers, and can be made from a range of materials, including wood splints, runners, and cane. While most baskets are made from plant materials, other materials such as horsehair, baleen, or metal wire can be used. Baskets are generally woven by hand. Some baskets are fitted with a lid, while others are left open on top."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Uses","text":"Baskets serve aesthetic as well as utilitarian purposes. Some baskets are ceremonial, that is religious, in nature. While baskets are usually used for harvesting, storage and transport, specialized baskets are used as sieves for a variety of purposes, including cooking, processing seeds or grains, tossing gambling pieces, rattles, fans, fish traps, and laundry."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Prior to the invention of woven baskets, people used tree bark to make simple containers. These containers could be used to transport gathered food and other items, but crumbled after only a few uses. Weaving strips of bark or other plant material to support the bark containers would be the next step, followed by entirely woven baskets. The last innovation appears to be baskets so tightly woven that they could hold water.\n\nDepending on soil conditions, baskets may or may not be preserved in the archaeological record. Sites in the Middle East show that weaving techniques were used to make mats, and possibly also baskets, circa 8000 BCE."}]},"fr":{"title":"Panier","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panier","revisionId":235618464,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-04-27T08:01:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=235618464","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panier&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Panier","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un panier est à l'origine un réceptacle de vannerie, servant à contenir, à transporter des provisions ou marchandises, formé le plus souvent d'une corbeille tressé ou rigide, munie ou non d'une anse ou de plusieurs poignées.\n\nUne panière, mot féminin de même origine latine, usitée dans le Midi et autour de Lyon, peut désigner une grande corbeille à anses, de forme carrée ou oblongue, ou encore une malle en osier."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Fabrication","text":"Durant des siècles le panier a été uniquement un objet de vannerie fabriqué à la main à partir de divers matériaux, osier, jonc, châtaignier et diverses fibres dont la fibre de palmier.\n\nActuellement il existe aussi des paniers en fil de fer, en plastique, etc. Lorsque la matière moins rigide de ce panier moderne reste souple et flexible, le terme « sac » est préférée."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Panier","en":"Basket"},"family":"containers","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Basket","resolvedTitle":"Basket","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201097"},"entityId":"Q201097"},{"id":"type:bell","canonicalId":"type:bell","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell","revisionId":1378305102,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T22:24:04Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378305102","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Bell","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A bell /ˈbɛl/ () is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that—when struck—vibrates in a single strong strike tone, with its sides forming an efficient resonator. The strike may be made by an internal \"clapper\" or \"uvula\", an external hammer, or—in small bells—by a small loose sphere enclosed within the body of the bell (jingle bell).\n\nBells are usually cast from bell metal (a type of bronze) for its resonant properties, but can also be made from other hard materials. This depends on the function."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates from the 3rd millennium BCE, and is traced to the Yangshao culture of Neolithic China. Clapper-bells made of pottery have been found in several archaeological sites. The pottery bells later developed into metal bells. In West Asia, the first bells appear in 1000 BCE. The earliest metal bells, with one found in the Taosi site and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BCE. With the emergence of other kinds of bells during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BCE), they were relegated to subservient functions; at Shang and Zhou sites, they are also found as part of the horse-and-chariot gear and as collar-bells of dogs."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Use in clock chimes","text":"Bells are also associated with clocks, indicating the hour by the striking of bells. Indeed, the word clock comes from the Latin word Cloca, meaning bell. Bells in clock towers or bell towers can be heard over long distances, which was especially important in the time when clocks were too expensive for widespread ownership.\n\nIn the case of clock towers and grandfather clocks, a particular sequence of tones may be played to distinguish between the hour, half-hour, quarter-hour, or other intervals. One common pattern is called \"Westminster Quarters\", a sixteen-note pattern named after the Palace of Westminster which popularized it as the measure used by Big Ben."}]},"fr":{"title":"Cloche","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloche","revisionId":239951666,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-30T19:44:31Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239951666","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloche&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Cloche","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une cloche (« du bas latin clocca, attesté en l'an 550 dans le domaine anglais et importé sur le continent par les moines irlandais évangélisateurs de l'Europe ») est un instrument idiophone fait de métal, creux, ouvert, destiné à l'émission d'un son. Elle appartient aux instruments de percussion. Elle vibre et résonne après avoir été frappée. Sa forme est celle d'une sinusoïde de révolution, ouverte et moulée d'une seule pièce. Un objet de cette forme est dit campaniforme ou campanulé."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"La cloche est l'un des plus vieux instruments sonores que nous connaissions : son invention remonte probablement au Néolithique quant à son principe, à l'époque où l'homme sut, par le feu, durcir l'argile et constituer ainsi un vase qui se révélera « sonore » en le percutant.\n\nLa cloche est un instrument universel dont la longue portée acoustique est utilisée pour communiquer au loin, soit avec des hommes, soit avec des dieux.\n\nLes premières cloches métalliques remontent à l'âge du bronze. On trouve des traces d'utilisation des cloches en Asie, il y a 4 000 ans — les Annales de la Chine rapportent que l'Empereur Hoang-ti fit fondre, vers l'an 2260 av. J.-C., douze cloches."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Fabrication","text":"La fonte d'une cloche se fait à partir d'un moule dans lequel on versera un alliage appelé « airain ». La composition du métal a peu varié depuis la création des premières cloches par les Chinois il y a près de 4 000 ans. En effet, il convient de trouver un alliage de différents métaux qui offre à la fois une résistance mécanique suffisante pour supporter la frappe répétitive du battant ou d’un marteau et une qualité musicale satisfaisante tant en matière de portée sonore qu’en matière de durée des vibrations."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Cloche","en":"Bell"},"family":"instruments","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Bell","resolvedTitle":"Bell","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101401"},"entityId":"Q101401"},{"id":"type:bottle","canonicalId":"type:bottle","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle","revisionId":1376421049,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-24T01:57:50Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376421049","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bottle&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:10.501Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Bottle","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material (such as glass, pottery, porcelain, plastic or aluminium) in various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquids. Its mouth, at the bottling line, can be sealed with an internal stopper, an external bottle cap, a closure, or induction sealing."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bouteille","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouteille","revisionId":240112925,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T22:33:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240112925","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouteille&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:13.849Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bouteille","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une bouteille (du bas latin buticula — petite amphore —, diminutif de buttis) est un récipient généralement cylindrique à sa base et qui se resserre à son sommet. Les bouteilles sont le plus souvent en verre ou en plastique, fabriquées par le procédé de moulage par soufflage, parfois en grès, et servent à conserver des liquides alimentaires : eau, lait, vin, bière, huile, etc., ou non alimentaires : produits chimiques, détergents, parfums, etc. Par métonymie, le terme de bouteille désigne aussi son contenu (comme c'est le cas de « verre »). On dit par exemple « boire une bonne bouteille ».\n\nAprès plusieurs décennies d'usage dominant, le verre a reculé au profit des plastiques (PVC puis PET principalement)."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Durant l'Antiquité, l'amphore est le récipient le plus utilisé pour le transport de liquides alimentaires, la cruche pour la mise à disposition de ces liquides. Néanmoins au Ier millénaire av. J.-C., des spécimens de petites bouteilles (flacons à application, fioles) en verre translucides (verre creux épais car technique encore rudimentaire du moulage par soufflage par canne de verrier) ont été trouvés à Chypre, à Rhodes ou en Perse, sans que l'usage en tant que transport de liquides alimentaires soit attesté."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bouteille","en":"Bottle"},"family":"vessels","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Bottle","resolvedTitle":"Bottle","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80228"},"entityId":"Q80228"},{"id":"type:bowl","canonicalId":"type:bowl","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl","revisionId":1374873491,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-14T15:27:45Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374873491","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowl&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:53.663Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Bowl","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A bowl is a typically round dish or container generally used for preparing, serving, storing, or consuming food. The interior of a bowl is characteristically shaped like a spherical cap, with the edges and the bottom, forming a seamless curve. This makes bowls especially suited for holding liquids and loose food, as the contents of the bowl are naturally concentrated in its center by the force of gravity. The exterior of a bowl is typically round but may vary in shape, including rectangular designs.\n\nThe size of bowls varies from small bowls used to hold a single serving of food to large bowls, such as punch bowls or salad bowls, that are often used to hold or store more than one portion of food."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bol (vaisselle)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol_(vaisselle)","revisionId":239292170,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-07T00:54:50Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239292170","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bol%20(vaisselle)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:57.047Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bol (vaisselle)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Le bol est un élément de vaisselle, de forme hémisphérique, utilisé pour une variété de fonctions, allant de la préparation des aliments au service ou la consommation des repas.\n\nLes bols peuvent être fabriqués à l'aide de divers matériaux : en céramique (terre cuite, grès, faïence, porcelaine), en métal, bois, verre (pyrex, mélamine, polyéthylène, etc.). Selon leur matériau, les bols peuvent être utilisés pour réchauffer des aliments au micro-ondes.\n\nPlusieurs variantes de bols existent : avec des oreillettes qui servent de poignées, sans oreillettes, avec une poignée, unicolores, décorés, etc."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Préhistoire","text":"Les archéologues ont découvert des bols en pierre datant de l'âge de pierre.\n\nCertains exemples méditerranéens de l'âge du bronze témoignent d'une décoration élaborée et d'une conception sophistiquée. Par exemple, un modèle de récipient à goulot en forme de pont a été trouvé sur le site minoen de Phaistos.\n\nDurant le 4e millénaire avant J.-C, dans l'ancienne Mésopotamie, à la période d'Uruk des écuelle à bords biseautés étaient produites de manière standardisée à grande échelle. En outre, la poterie chinoise comporte de nombreux bols et autres récipients peints de manière très élaborée datant de l’époque néolithique. En 2009, le plus ancien bol découvert date de 18 000 ans."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bol","en":"Bowl"},"family":"vessels","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Bowl","resolvedTitle":"Bowl","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153988"},"entityId":"Q153988"},{"id":"type:candlestick","canonicalId":"type:candlestick","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Candlestick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick","revisionId":1359924835,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-18T02:48:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359924835","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candlestick&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Candlestick","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A candlestick (or candleholder) is a device used to hold a candle upright in place. Most candlesticks have a cup, a spike (called a \"pricket\"), or both to secure the candle.\n\nBefore the widespread adoption of electricity, candles were carried between rooms using a chamberstick—a short candlestick with a pan to catch dripping wax.\n\nAlthough electric lighting has largely replaced candles in daily use, candlesticks and candelabras remain common as decorative objects or for creating ambience during special occasions such as dinners, religious ceremonies, and commemorations."}]},"fr":{"title":"Chandelier","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier","revisionId":238288693,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-01T19:25:14Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238288693","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandelier&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Chandelier","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un chandelier est un objet qui sert de support à des chandelles, des cierges ou des bougies.\n\nChandelier désigne également un métier, c'est-à-dire l'artisan qui fabrique et vend des chandelles de suif."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description et désignation","text":"On distingue le chandelier à verge (pique-cierge) du chandelier à bobèche. Pour l'un, on fiche le cierge sur une pointe, pour l'autre, on place la base de la bougie ou de la chandelle dans un petit vase qui la maintient.\n\nUn chandelier peut porter une ou plusieurs bougies. Quand un chandelier à pied comporte plusieurs branches portant des bougies, on peut le nommer « candélabre » — ce terme étant plus approprié.\n\nAu XVIIIe siècle, on appelait souvent « flambeau » le chandelier à pied de qualité portant une bougie de cire d'abeille."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Chandelier","en":"Candlestick"},"family":"lighting","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Candlestick","resolvedTitle":"Candlestick","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151771"},"entityId":"Q151771"},{"id":"type:chair","canonicalId":"type:chair","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair","revisionId":1377720539,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-30T19:51:59Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377720539","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chair&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:09.336Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Chair","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A chair (/t͡ʃɛɚ/ ) is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat, and a back rest. It may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in various colors and fabrics.\n\nChairs vary in design. An armchair has armrests fixed to the seat; a recliner is upholstered and features a mechanism that lowers the chair's back and raises into place a footrest; a rocking chair has legs fixed to two long curved slats; and a wheelchair has wheels fixed to an axis under the seat."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"The chair has been used since antiquity, although for many centuries it was a symbolic article of state and dignity rather than an article for ordinary use. \"The chair\" is still used as the emblem of authority in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom and Canada, and in many other settings. In keeping with this historical connotation of the \"chair\" as the symbol of authority, committees, boards of directors, and academic departments all have a 'chairman' or 'chair'. Endowed professorships are referred to as chairs.\n\nIt was not until the 16th century that chairs became common. Until then, people sat on chests, benches, and stools, which were the ordinary seats of everyday life."}]},"fr":{"title":"Chaise","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaise","revisionId":238066801,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-24T09:06:55Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238066801","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaise&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:10.515Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Chaise","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une chaise est un type de siège, c'est-à-dire de meuble muni d’un dossier et confectionné afin qu’une personne s'assoie dessus. Un siège pour une personne sans dossier ni repose-bras s'appelle un tabouret; pour plus d'une personne c'est un sofa ou un banc.\n\nLe dossier s’élève parfois au-dessus de la hauteur de la tête, et souvent ne s’étend pas jusqu’au siège, permettant une circulation d'air. Le dossier et parfois l'assise sont souvent faits de matériaux poreux ou sont ajourés à fins de décoration et de ventilation, il y a quelquefois des repose-têtes séparés."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"Les représentations les plus anciennes de chaises se trouvent dans l'art égyptien ancien et dans l'art grec classique.\n\nAux débuts de la première dynastie égyptienne (de -3185 à -2925 de notre ère), la charpenterie s'est développée rapidement, probablement aidée par la prolifération d'outils en cuivre. Les résidences les plus aisées ont commencé à être équipées avec des lits, des coffres, des chaises et des tabourets, parfois embellis avec des éléments de cuivre ou d'ivoire. Les pieds des meubles étaient souvent taillées en forme de pattes d'animaux domestiques.\n\nAu Ve siècle av. J.-C. les grecs inventent le Klismos, une chaise au dossier et aux pattes incurvés."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Fabrication des chaises","text":"Le savoir-faire de la fabrication des chaises sur-mesure est répertorié à l’Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel en France.\n\nUn fabricant de chaises ne s’occupe que de la base de l’objet, c'est-à-dire les montants en bois composant les pieds, le dos, l’assise. Le reste de la chaise est fabriqué par d’autres corps de métiers : sculpture, rempaillage, tournage sur bois, décoration, vernissage, etc. Le fabricant doit cependant imaginer auparavant les différents modèles de chaises et réaliser les gabarits. Il suit la plupart du temps les tendances qui reflètent les demandes des clients."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Chaise","en":"Chair"},"family":"furniture","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Chair","resolvedTitle":"Chair","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15026"},"entityId":"Q15026"},{"id":"type:clock","canonicalId":"type:clock","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock","revisionId":1369493558,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-15T09:28:18Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369493558","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clock&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Clock","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A clock or chronometer is a device that measures and displays time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units such as the day, the lunar month, and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia.\n\nSome predecessors to the modern clock may be considered \"clocks\" that are based on movement in nature: A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface. There is a range of duration timers, a well-known example being the hourglass. Water clocks, along with sundials, are possibly the oldest time-measuring instruments."}]},"fr":{"title":"Horloge","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horloge","revisionId":239606384,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-18T13:18:16Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239606384","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horloge&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Horloge","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une horloge est un instrument de mesure du temps qui généralement indique l'heure en continu. Le mot vient du latin horologium, « qui dit l’heure », lui-même dérivé du grec ὡρολόγιον (formé à partir de ὥρα, « l'heure », et de λέγειν, « dire », λόγιον, « le dire »).\n\nDepuis l'Antiquité, le terme latin « horologium » désigne tout instrument susceptible d'indiquer l'heure, ce qui a mené bien souvent à des difficultés d'interprétation des textes anciens. Ainsi, un cadran solaire, une horloge hydraulique, un astrolabe, un nocturlabe, une horloge mécanique étaient-ils qualifiés d'« horologia »."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Horloge","en":"Clock"},"family":"timekeeping","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Clock","resolvedTitle":"Clock","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376"},"entityId":"Q376"},{"id":"type:comb","canonicalId":"type:comb","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Comb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb","revisionId":1361275570,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-26T21:36:20Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361275570","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comb&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Comb","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A comb is a tool consisting of a shaft that holds a row of teeth for pulling through the hair to clean, untangle, or style it. Combs have been used since prehistoric times, having been discovered in very refined forms from settlements dating back to 5,000 years ago in Persia.\n\nWeaving combs made of whalebone dating to the middle and late Iron Age have been found on archaeological digs in Orkney and Somerset."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Combs are made of a shaft and teeth that are placed at a perpendicular angle to the shaft. Combs can be made out of a number of materials, most commonly plastic, metal, or wood. In antiquity, horn and whalebone were sometimes used. Combs made from ivory and tortoiseshell were once common but concerns for the animals that produce them have reduced their usage. Wooden combs are largely made of boxwood, cherry wood, or other fine-grained wood. Good quality wooden combs are usually handmade and polished.\n\nCombs come in various shapes and sizes depending on what they are used for. A hairdressing comb may have a thin, tapered handle for parting hair and close teeth."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Uses","text":"Combs can be used for many purposes. Historically, their main purpose was securing long hair in place, decorating the hair, matting sections of hair for dreadlocks, or keeping a kippah or skullcap in place. In Spain, a peineta is a large decorative comb used to keep a mantilla in place.\n\nIn industry and craft, combs are used in separating cotton fibres from seeds and other debris (the cotton gin, a mechanized version of the comb, is one of the machines that ushered in the Industrial Revolution). A comb is used to distribute colors in paper marbling to make the swirling colour patterns in comb-marbled paper."}]},"fr":{"title":"Peigne","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peigne","revisionId":239576664,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-17T12:34:28Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239576664","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peigne&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Peigne","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un peigne est un outil muni de tiges parallèles appelées « dents », de taille, longueur et grosseur variables, qui sert à remettre les cheveux et les poils en ordre ou à en retirer les poux ou les lentes. Le peigne peut être utilisé pour appliquer une teinture sur les cheveux. C'est aussi un accessoire qui permet de maintenir les cheveux en place. C'est à ce titre un accessoire de mode."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"Des peignes ont été fabriqués depuis plusieurs milliers d'années, dans différentes matières : os, corne, ivoire, bois, écaille de tortue, puis métal, et, plus généralement à l'époque moderne, en matière plastique. Les peignes anciens comportaient souvent deux rangées de dents, l'une comportant des dents plus épaisses et plus espacées. Peut-être la denture la plus fine jouait-elle aussi le rôle de peigne anti-poux en facilitant l'élimination des lentes.\n\nDes peignes en os datant de 8 000 av. J.-C. ont été découverts en Scandinavie.\n\nDans l'Égypte antique, des peignes en ivoire ou en bois avec des dents des deux côtés étaient utilisés."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Peigne","en":"Comb"},"family":"accessories","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Comb","resolvedTitle":"Comb","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23834"},"entityId":"Q23834"},{"id":"type:cup","canonicalId":"type:cup","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup","revisionId":1375374064,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-17T12:20:26Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375374064","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cup&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:30.776Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Cup","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A cup is a small container used to hold liquids for drinking, typically with a flattened hemispherical shape and an open \"mouth\", and often with a capacity of about 6–16 US fluid ounces (177–473 ml). Cups may be made of pottery (including porcelain), glass, metal, wood, stone, polystyrene, plastic, lacquerware, or other materials. Normally, a cup is brought in contact with the mouth for drinking, distinguishing it from other tableware and drinkware forms such as jugs; however, a straw and/or lid may also be used. They also often have handles, though many do not, including beakers which have no handle or stem, or small bowl shapes which are very common in Asia."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Cups have been used since the Stone Age and have been found at archeological sites throughout the world. A large number of the earliest cups are excavated from burials, and may have held offerings or supplies for the afterlife. Cups do not feature strongly in the earliest pottery found in most areas; the wares were thick and heavy, as were the carved stone vessels found in several early cultures. Probably cups in organic materials that have now decomposed, such as wood, bamboo and dried gourds were widely used. Large shells and birds' eggs have been used in some areas almost up to the present."}]},"fr":{"title":"Tasse","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasse","revisionId":240025477,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T09:59:39Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240025477","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasse&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:33.053Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Tasse","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Tasse et sous-tasse peuvent faire partie du service de table qui comporte généralement un pot à lait et un sucrier outre la cafetière, la théière, la chocolatière. Ce sont aussi des pièces du déjeuner.\n\nEn fonction du liquide que l'on boit, le nom ou de la tasse se précise : tasse à café, à thé, à chocolat, à lait. Certaines tasses sont aussi nommées en fonction de leur dimension ou de leur forme."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Il est cependant fréquent de lire que les premières tasses datent de l'invention de la porcelaine au début de la dynastie Han (206 av. J.-C. à 220 apr. J.-C.), leur usage passant par la Perse puis dans le monde arabe avant d'arriver en Europe — « Cet objet spécialisé est, sans conteste, d’origine chinoise. La tasse est fille de la consommation de thé » —, que la porcelaine chinoise, fort chère, est partiellement remplacée par la faïence, d'autant que l'habitude de boire du café s'y répand et que celui-ci est servi quasiment bouillant ce qui oblige à placer le contenant, alors sans anse, dans un appareillage pour éviter de se brûler les doigts et qu'au XVIIIe siècle européen, les fabricants de céramique intègrent une anse à la tasse."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Coupe ou tasse","en":"Drinking cup"},"family":"vessels","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Cup","resolvedTitle":"Cup","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81727"},"entityId":"Q81727"},{"id":"type:fan","canonicalId":"type:fan","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Hand fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_fan","revisionId":1378651827,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T13:22:46Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378651827","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand%20fan&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Hand fan","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A handheld fan, or simply hand fan, is a broad, flat surface that is waved back and forth to create an airflow. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a sector of a circle and made of a thin material (such as paper or feathers) mounted on slats which revolve around a pivot so that it can be closed when not in use. Hand fans were widely used before mechanical fans were invented.\n\nFans work by utilizing the concepts of thermodynamics. On human skin, airflow, such as that generated by a hand fan, increases the evaporation rate of sweat, lowering body temperature due to the latent heat of the evaporation of water."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Ancient Europe","text":"Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that the hand fan was used in ancient Greece at least from the 4th century BC and was known as a rhipis, rhipister or rhipidion (Ancient Greek: ῥιπίς, ῥιπιστήρ or ῥιπίδιον). Fans were also used to keep flies away (like a fly-flapper), this kind of fan was less stiff and was named μυιoσόβη. Another use for a fan was to fan the flame, e.g. in cookery or at the altar.\n\nChristian Europe's earliest known fan was the flabellum (ceremonial fan), which dates from the 6th century. It was used during services to drive insects away from the consecrated bread and wine."}]},"fr":{"title":"Éventail","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ventail","revisionId":240258762,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-10T23:16:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240258762","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ventail&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Éventail","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"L'éventail est un objet utilisé pour induire un courant d'air dans le but de se rafraîchir ou d’attiser les braises d’un foyer.\n\nSous sa forme universelle, il est un écran rigide avec un manche. Le plus souvent, en France, l'éventail renvoie à un accessoire de mode de la forme d’un demi-disque dont la feuille est faite de matériaux légers (tissu, cuir, papier, etc.) plissés et montés sur des brins qui pivotent autour d'un axe (appelé « rivure »), permettant ainsi à l’objet de se fermer pour diminuer son encombrement et être transporté aisément.\n\nL'usage des éventails est attesté dès l'Antiquité."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Fabrication","text":"La fabrication d'éventails fait appel à des dizaines de corps de métier et d'artisans : peintres brodeurs, sculpteurs, graveurs, ennoblisseurs, plisseurs, etc. L'éventailliste peut d'ailleurs être en France reconnu comme maître d'art, et certaines maisons y ont reçu le label « Entreprise du patrimoine vivant », marque du Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l’Industrie, mis en place pour distinguer des entreprises françaises aux savoir-faire artisanaux et industriels d’excellence.\n\nEn France, le savoir-faire des éventaillistes est inscrit à l'Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel français depuis 2020."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"En Chine, les premiers écrits sur les éventails datent de la dynastie Jin (265-420). Les premiers éventails, appelés fanzi (扇子, shànzi) étaient rigides et en plumes. Le caractère chinois désignant l'éventail est composé du caractère de la demi-porte (户) et du caractère des plumes (羽). Au IIe siècle déjà, le bambou était utilisé pour la fabrication de la monture. Parmi les matériaux traditionnels des éventails en Chine, on trouve du bambou, de l'ébène, de l'ivoire, des écailles de tortue, de la soie, du papier, des feuilles d'or, des plumes, différents métaux et du tournesol."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Éventail","en":"Fan"},"family":"accessories","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Hand fan","resolvedTitle":"Hand fan","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193220"},"entityId":"Q193220"},{"id":"type:fork","canonicalId":"type:fork","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork","revisionId":1376246875,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-23T00:59:10Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376246875","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fork&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:41.318Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Fork","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"In cutlery or kitchenware, a fork (from Latin: furca 'pitchfork') is a utensil, now usually made of metal, whose long handle terminates in a head that branches into several narrow and often slightly curved tines with which one can spear foods either to hold them to cut with a knife or to lift them to the mouth."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Bone forks have been found in archaeological sites of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400–1900 BC) and the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC), as well as later Chinese dynasties. A stone carving from an Eastern Han tomb (in Ta-kua-liang, Suide County, Shaanxi) depicts three hanging two-pronged forks in a dining scene. Similar forks have also been depicted on top of a stove in a scene at another Eastern Han tomb (in Suide County, Shaanxi).\n\nA bronze fork, dating from the 16th century BC, was found in a Mycenaean Greek grave.\n\nIn the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used. With many surviving examples of which are displayed in museums across Europe."}]},"fr":{"title":"Fourchette","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourchette","revisionId":240101951,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-05T15:20:49Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=240101951","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourchette&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:42.500Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Fourchette","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"La fourchette est un couvert de table ou un ustensile de cuisine permettant d'attraper les aliments sans les toucher directement avec les doigts.\n\nElle est constituée de deux à quatre extrémités pointues, pour saisir ou ramasser la nourriture, et d'un manche pour être tenue aisément. Elle est faite d'une seule pièce ou sertie dans le manche. Elle peut être en métal, en bois, en plastique, en corne ou dans d'autres matériaux, et parfois jetable. Elle s'utilise le plus souvent avec un couteau servant, soit à découper les aliments avant de les piquer avec la fourchette pour les porter en bouche, soit pour les y pousser."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"La fourchette est une petite fourche. De longues fourchettes pour saisir les aliments existaient dans l'Empire romain et surtout en Gaule. Les fourchettes actuelles sont apparues dans l'Empire byzantin, et étaient encore considérées au milieu du XIe siècle comme un raffinement extrême (et condamnable) par l'ecclésiastique Pierre Damien, ce qui a conduit à tort certains auteurs à en conclure leur interdiction par l'Église jusqu'à la fin du XVIIe siècle.\n\nEn Italie, elles servaient à l'origine exclusivement à la consommation des pâtes ou à la découpe de viande par l'écuyer tranchant."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Fourchette","en":"Fork"},"family":"utensils","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Fork","resolvedTitle":"Fork","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81881"},"entityId":"Q81881"},{"id":"type:helmet","canonicalId":"type:helmet","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet","revisionId":1376540840,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-24T20:13:15Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376540840","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmet&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Helmet","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A helmet is a form of protective gear worn to protect the head. More specifically, a helmet complements the skull in protecting the human brain. Ceremonial or symbolic helmets (e.g., a policeman's helmet in the United Kingdom) without protective function are sometimes worn. Soldiers wear combat helmets, often made from Kevlar or other lightweight synthetic fibers.\n\nThe word helmet is derived from helm, an Old English word for a protective head covering."}]},"fr":{"title":"Casque","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque","revisionId":238419297,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-06T22:12:59Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238419297","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casque&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Casque","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un casque est une pièce d'armure ou un équipement de protection individuelle destiné à protéger la tête contre les conséquences d'un traumatisme crânien. Les casques sont souvent munis d'une sangle évitant la chute du casque ; jugulaire (la sangle passe sous le menton) ou mentonnière (la sangle passe sur la pointe du menton).\n\nInitialement, les casques étaient en métal. De nos jours, ils sont faits de matière plastique (moulés) ou de matériaux composites (moulés ou fabriqués par couches successives - fibre de verre, Kevlar, ou fibre de carbone), ce qui permet de les rendre plus légers.\n\nla garniture intérieure en mousse qui assure un confort et une bonne ventilation."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Casque","en":"Helmet"},"family":"armour","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Helmet","resolvedTitle":"Helmet","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173603"},"entityId":"Q173603"},{"id":"type:knife","canonicalId":"type:knife","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife","revisionId":1378988550,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T06:33:17Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378988550","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knife&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:50.498Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Knife","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A knife (pl.: knives; from Old Norse knifr 'knife, dirk') is a tool or weapon with a cutting edge or blade, usually attached to a handle or hilt. One of the earliest tools used by humanity, knives appeared at least 2.5 million years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools. Originally made of wood, bone, and stone (such as flint and obsidian), over the centuries, in step with improvements in both metallurgy and manufacturing, knife blades have been made from copper, bronze, iron, steel, ceramic, and titanium. Most modern knives have fixed or folding blades, with styles varying by maker and country.\n\nKnives can serve various purposes."}]},"fr":{"title":"Couteau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couteau","revisionId":239515420,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-15T09:47:04Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239515420","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couteau&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:52.035Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Couteau","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un couteau est un outil tranchant ou une arme blanche comportant une lame (suffisamment courte pour ne pas être qualifiée de sabre ou de machette) et un manche (ou une partie de la lame réservée à cette fonction) permettant de manier l'outil sans se blesser."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Les couteaux sont l’un des outils les plus anciens et polyvalents de l’histoire de l’humanité. De la préparation des aliments à la survie en plein air, en passant par les arts martiaux, les couteaux ont joué un rôle central dans de nombreuses facettes de notre vie. Explorons l’histoire du couteau et son évolution à travers le temps, les différents types de couteaux utilisés dans divers domaines, et l’importance de choisir le bon couteau pour des tâches spécifiques."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Classification géographique et par usage","text":"Il existe une grande variété de couteaux. Les couteaux peuvent être regroupés suivant les usages auxquels ils sont destinés. La définition de ces catégories est parfois floue."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Couteau","en":"Knife"},"family":"utensils","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Knife","resolvedTitle":"Knife","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32489"},"entityId":"Q32489"},{"id":"type:necklace","canonicalId":"type:necklace","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Necklace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace","revisionId":1366868681,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-30T17:51:07Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366868681","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necklace&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Necklace","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A necklace is an article of jewellery that is worn around the neck. Necklaces may have been one of the earliest types of adornment worn by humans. They often serve ceremonial, religious, magical, or funerary purposes and are also used as symbols of wealth and status, given that they are commonly made of precious metals and stones.\n\nThe main component of a necklace is the band, chain, or cord that wraps around the neck. It is most often rendered in precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum. Necklaces often have additional attachments suspended or inset into the necklace itself."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Prehistoric neckware","text":"Prehistoric peoples often used natural materials such as feathers, bone, shells, and plant materials to create necklaces. Evidence of early Upper Paleolithic necklace making in southern Africa and east Africa dates back to 50,000 BP. By the Bronze Age metallic jewellery had replaced pre-metallic adornments. Necklaces were first depicted in statuary and art of the Ancient Near East, and early necklaces made of precious metals with inset stones were created in Europe."}]},"fr":{"title":"Collier","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier","revisionId":236967903,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-11T18:11:14Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236967903","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collier&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:52:04.271Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Collier","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un collier est un type de bijou ou de vêtement porté autour du cou.\n\nLes colliers sont habituellement constitués d'une chaîne de métal, souvent précieux, qui peut ou non servir de support à des éléments décoratifs (enfilés comme des perles, en pendentif, etc.). On utilise en général des pierres précieuses ou semi-précieuses, les gemmes, du bois, du cuir, des coquillages, etc."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Collier","en":"Necklace"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Necklace","resolvedTitle":"Necklace","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189299"},"entityId":"Q189299"},{"id":"type:plate","canonicalId":"type:plate","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"fr":{"title":"Assiette (vaisselle)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiette_(vaisselle)","revisionId":236564376,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-27T16:23:09Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=236564376","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assiette%20(vaisselle)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:55:45.696Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Assiette (vaisselle)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une assiette est une pièce de vaisselle qui permet de contenir et de servir des mets. Elle peut être en verre, en céramique (faïence, porcelaine, grès), en bois, en mélamine ou en métal. Elle est composée d'un fond plat, appelé ombilic ou bassin, avec des bords inclinés (talus ou descente) et d'un marli, couronne plus ou moins horizontale ou oblique à contours variés, éventuellement festonné, et à profil droit ou galbé.\n\nLors de pique-niques on utilise des assiettes jetables en carton glacé, en PLA ou PSM (fabriquées à partir d’amidon de maïs), en pulpe végétale (moulée avec de la bagasse de canne à sucre et de tiges de bambou et de pailles de blé), voire en mousse de polystyrène ou en matière plastique."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Historique","text":"Des vestiges archéologiques d'assiettes en terre cuite, en bois, en métal et même en pâte de verre moulée, sont retrouvés dès l'Antiquité. La vaisselle de la civilisation gréco-romaine est caractérisée par des récipients dont l'emploi et la forme peuvent être considérés avoir inspiré l'assiette, telle la phiale grecque ou la patère romaine. Dans la civilisation arabo-andalouse, la pièce de vaisselle qui évoque le plus l'assiette est l'ataifor (es).\n\nL'« assiette » au Moyen Âge désigne une succession de services au cours d'un repas : une assiette de viandes en sauce, une assiette de viande grillée, etc."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":["editorial-source-hold:en:1368603032"],"title":{"fr":"Assiette","en":"Plate"},"family":"vessels","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Plate (dishware)","resolvedTitle":"Plate (dishware)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57216"},"entityId":"Q57216","reviewEvidence":{"sourceUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_(dishware)","revisionId":1368603032,"status":"rejected","reviewedAt":"2026-10-11","reason":"The overview contains a materially nonsensical claim about plates being made of water. The native French article is retained separately.","currentRevisionId":1368603032}},{"id":"type:ring","canonicalId":"type:ring","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Ring (jewellery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)","revisionId":1374588470,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-12T23:45:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374588470","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring%20(jewellery)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Ring (jewellery)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A ring is a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry. The term \"ring\" by itself denotes jewellery worn on the finger; when worn as an ornament elsewhere, the body part is specified within the term, e.g., earrings, neck rings, arm rings, and toe rings. Rings fit snugly around or in the part of the body they ornament, so bands worn loosely, like a bracelet, are not rings. Rings may be made of almost any hard material: wood, bone, stone, metal, glass, jade, gemstone or plastic. They may be set with gemstones (diamond, ruby, sapphire or emerald) or with other types of stone or glass."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Ancient India","text":"Rings and other types of jewelry including necklaces, bracelets, earrings, bangles and pendants have been discovered from the 3rd millennium BCE Indus Valley civilization. Factories of small beads have been discovered in Lothal, India."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bague","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bague","revisionId":238719093,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-08-17T18:36:12Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=238719093","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bague&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bague","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une bague est un bijou qui se porte généralement au doigt en forme d'anneau, plus ou moins large, serti ou non de pierres et quelquefois gravé. Au même titre que les boucles d'oreille, les bagues peuvent être constituées de toutes sortes de matériaux, incluant métal, plastique, bois, os et verre. Quand l'anneau comporte une partie sertie, on la désigne sous le terme chaton. La partie sertie est en général une ou plusieurs pierres précieuses ou fines comme le diamant, rubis, saphir ou émeraude."},{"kind":"discoveries","heading":"Traces archéologiques","text":"Les plus anciennes bagues de l'Histoire connues à ce jour ont été datées de 21000 ans. Plusieurs exemplaires ont été découverts à Pavlov, en République tchèque. Ces bagues étaient fabriquées en ivoire de mammouth. Les bagues semblent avoir été autant un objet de décoration qu'une monnaie d'échange.\n\nAu cours de découvertes archéologiques ont été découvertes des bagues appartenant à la civilisation hittite. Celles-ci comprenaient également des chevalières. Les Égyptiens avaient eux aussi une grande variété de bagues, dont quelques exemples célèbres comme le modèle en forme de scarabée. Au fur et à mesure de l'Histoire, les anneaux égyptiens se sont complexifiés."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bague","en":"Finger ring"},"family":"jewellery","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Ring (jewellery)","resolvedTitle":"Ring (jewellery)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46847"},"entityId":"Q46847"},{"id":"type:shield","canonicalId":"type:shield","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield","revisionId":1375693766,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-19T11:52:40Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375693766","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shield&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Shield","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry like spears or long ranged projectiles such as arrows. They function as means of active blocks, as well as to provide passive protection by closing one or more lines of engagement during combat.\n\nShields vary greatly in size and shape, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the buckler) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Prehistory","text":"The first prototype of the shield was believed to be created in the Late Neolithic Age. However the oldest surviving shields date to sometime in the Bronze Age. The oldest form of shield was a protection device designed to block attacks by hand weapons, such as swords, axes and maces, or ranged weapons like sling-stones and arrows. Shields have varied greatly in construction over time and place. Sometimes shields were made of metal, but wood or animal hide construction was much more common; wicker and even turtle shells have been used."}]},"fr":{"title":"Bouclier (arme)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouclier_(arme)","revisionId":235864438,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-05-04T04:34:50Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=235864438","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouclier%20(arme)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Bouclier (arme)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Un bouclier est un objet en forme de plaque qu'un combattant tient devant soi pour se protéger des coups portés. Plus ancienne arme défensive connue, il est utilisé au moins depuis l'époque sumérienne (IIIe millénaire av. J.-C., en Mésopotamie) et le sera en occident jusqu'au XVIIe siècle, quand les armes à feu individuelles se généraliseront, rendant celui-ci obsolète.\n\nLes matériaux et les formes de boucliers présentent une grande variété, que ce soit à travers les âges ou suivant les régions géographiques. L'objet s'est adapté aux avancées techniques ou tactiques afin d'assurer une protection optimale au combattant."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Bouclier","en":"Shield"},"family":"armour","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Shield","resolvedTitle":"Shield","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131559"},"entityId":"Q131559"},{"id":"type:shoe","canonicalId":"type:shoe","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe","revisionId":1378212813,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-03T14:26:32Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378212813","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Shoe","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A shoe is an item of footwear normally found in pairs intended to protect and comfort the human foot, usually made in such a way that one is designed to fit the left foot and the other the right foot.\n\nShoes are intended to provide further protection to the vulnerable human foot, though the foot is highly adaptable to various terrains. Form was originally tied to function, but over time, shoes also became fashion items. Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-toe boots, which are required footwear at industrial worksites.\n\nAdditionally, shoes have often evolved into many different designs; high heels, for instance, are most commonly worn by women during fancy occasions."}]},"fr":{"title":"Chaussure","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaussure","revisionId":239785004,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-24T20:47:56Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239785004","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaussure&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Chaussure","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Les chaussures sont les vêtements destinés aux pieds, les protégeant du froid, de l'humidité, des aspérités du sol, etc.\n\nIl s'agit également d'un accessoire de mode qui vêt les femmes comme les hommes. Le terme chaussure dérive du verbe chausser, issu du latin calceare « mettre des souliers ». La plus vieille chaussure du monde, en écorce et découverte aux États-Unis, aurait plus de 10 000 ans.\n\nLa plus ancienne chaussure en cuir, un mocassin, vieille de 5 500 ans, a été découverte dans une grotte en Arménie.\n\nLa forme des chaussures peut varier, notamment en fonction de la mode et du statut social.\n\nLa matière la plus couramment utilisée pour fabriquer les chaussures est le cuir."},{"kind":"nature","heading":"Description","text":"Une chaussure se compose principalement du semelage, partie inférieure qui protège la plante des pieds, plus ou moins relevée à l'arrière par le talon et de la tige, partie supérieure qui enveloppe le pied et qui comprend essentiellement l'empeigne (partie avant de la tige d'une chaussure, du cou-de-pied à la pointe, appelée aussi claque), les quartiers (deux pièces formant l'arrière de la tige) et la languette.\n\nLorsque la tige recouvre la jambe (et maintient la cheville), on parle de bottes. Dans le cas contraire, on parle de soulier.\n\nPlusieurs types de montages existent pour solidariser la partie supérieure d'une chaussure à la semelle, comme le Montage Goodyear."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Les êtres humains ont très longtemps vécu pieds nus, ce qui semble être (dans l'absolu) la meilleure manière de respecter les pieds.\n\nLa protection de la plante des pieds se justifie d'abord à l'extérieur en milieu hostile (chaud/froid, torride/glacial, sec/humide, épineux/rocaille/rocher/sable/savane...) pour toute activité physique (chasse, travail, guerre) exigeant durablement la station debout, ou des déplacements rapides ou prolongés (migration humaine).\n\nChez les chasseurs-cueilleurs, la première protection a probablement été l'utilisation de peaux et fourrures animales, plus ou moins bien traitées."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Chaussure","en":"Shoe"},"family":"clothing","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Shoe","resolvedTitle":"Shoe","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22676"},"entityId":"Q22676"},{"id":"type:spoon","canonicalId":"type:spoon","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Spoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon","revisionId":1378988408,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-10-07T06:31:29Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378988408","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoon&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:25.687Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Spoon","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A spoon (UK: , US: SPOON) is a utensil consisting of a shallow bowl (also known as a head), oval or round, at the end of a handle. A type of cutlery (sometimes called flatware in the United States), especially as part of a place setting, it is used primarily for transferring food to the mouth (eating). Spoons are also used in food preparation to measure, mix, stir and toss ingredients and for serving food. Present day spoons are made from metal (notably stainless steel, flat silver or silverware, plated or solid), wood, porcelain or plastic. There are many different types of spoons made from different materials by different cultures for different purposes and food."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Preserved examples of various forms of spoons used by the ancient Egyptians include those composed of ivory, flint, slate and wood, many of them carved with religious symbols. During the Neolithic Ozieri civilization in Sardinia, ceramic ladles and spoons were already in use. In Shang dynasty China, spoons were made of bone. Early bronze spoons in China were designed with a sharp point, and may have also been used as cutlery. The spoons of the Greeks and Romans were chiefly made of bronze and silver and the handle usually takes the form of a spike or pointed stem."},{"kind":"use","heading":"Manufacture","text":"For machine-made spoons, the basic shape is cut out from a sheet of sterling silver, nickel silver alloy or stainless steel. The bowl is cross rolled between two pressurized rollers to produce a thinner section. The handle section is also rolled to produce the width required for the top end. The blank is then cropped to the required shape, and two dies are used to apply the pattern to the blank. The flash is then removed using a linisher, and the bowl is formed between two dies and bent.\n\nTo make a spoon the traditional way by way of hand forging, a bar of silver is marked up to the correct proportions for the bowl and handle."}]},"fr":{"title":"Cuillère","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuill%C3%A8re","revisionId":237636771,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-07-07T16:00:09Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237636771","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuill%C3%A8re&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:51:27.431Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Cuillère","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une cuillère, ou cuiller , est un ustensile de table ou de cuisine. Elle comporte un cuilleron, extrémité creuse et concave prolongée par un manche plus fin."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Préhistoire","text":"Pendant la préhistoire, plusieurs traces de « proto-cuillères » ont été découvertes.\n\nDes coquilles de mollusques tels que les Mytilus, les Charonia sont probablement utilisées comme des cuillères, du Paléolithique supérieur jusqu'à la fin du Néolithique.\n\nLa période du Paléolithique a également livré des cuillères en os, en ivoire et en bois. Au Néolithique, la céramique et la terre cuite sont aussi utilisées."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Cuillère","en":"Spoon"},"family":"utensils","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Spoon","resolvedTitle":"Spoon","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81895"},"entityId":"Q81895"},{"id":"type:table","canonicalId":"type:table","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Table (furniture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(furniture)","revisionId":1342499022,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-03-09T08:08:17Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342499022","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table%20(furniture)&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Table (furniture)","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A table is a piece of furniture with a raised flat top and is supported most commonly by 1 to 4 legs (although some can have more). It is used as a surface for working, eating or placing things. Some common types of tables are the dining room tables, which are used for seated persons to eat meals; the coffee table, which is a low table used in living rooms to display items or serve refreshments; and the bedside table, which is commonly used to place an alarm clock and a lamp. There are also a range of specialized types of tables, such as drafting tables, used for doing architectural drawings, and sewing tables.\n\nLegs arranged in two or more similar pairs. It usually has four legs."},{"kind":"history","heading":"History","text":"Some very early tables were made and used by the Ancient Egyptians around 2500 BC, using wood and alabaster. They were often little more than stone platforms used to keep objects off the floor, though a few examples of wooden tables have been found in tombs. Food and drinks were usually put on large plates deposed on a pedestal for eating. The Egyptians made use of various small tables and elevated playing boards. The Chinese also created very early tables in order to pursue the arts of writing and painting, as did people in Mesopotamia, where various metals were used."}]},"fr":{"title":"Table","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table","revisionId":239514771,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-09-15T09:15:39Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=239514771","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T13:08:13.213Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Table","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une table est un meuble composé d'une surface plane et horizontale (le plateau, par exemple de planches assemblées) soutenue par un ou plusieurs supports (pieds ou tréteaux). Dans la culture occidentale, elle est notamment mais pas uniquement utilisée pour les repas."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"Le mot « table » en français vient de tabŭla en latin qui signifie tablette à écrire, tablette écrite, ou pièce écrite.\n\nLes plus anciennes tables connues nous viennent de l'Antiquité et notamment d'Égypte antique dont les archéologues ont retrouvé certains mobiliers. Les tables parfois damées, servaient à la fois à manger mais aussi pour les loisirs ou comme offrande.\n\nLa table du repas s'entend depuis la fin du Moyen Âge comme l'ensemble de ce « dessus de table » souvent simple planche, et de son piétement qui lui est indispensable (tréteaux en bois de fabrication sommaire ou richement ornés)."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Table","en":"Table"},"family":"furniture","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Table (furniture)","resolvedTitle":"Table (furniture)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14748"},"entityId":"Q14748"},{"id":"type:teapot","canonicalId":"type:teapot","relatedIds":[],"articles":{"en":{"title":"Teapot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teapot","revisionId":1336068593,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-02-01T19:56:55Z","revisionUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336068593","historyUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teapot&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:16.231Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Wikipedia contributors — Teapot","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"A teapot is a vessel used for steeping tea leaves or a herbal mix in boiling or near-boiling water and serving the resulting infusion called tea; usually put in a teacup. It is one of the core components of teaware.\n\nTeapots usually have an opening with a lid at their top, where the dry tea and hot water are added, a handle for holding by hand, and a spout through which the tea is served. Some teapots have a strainer built-in on the inner edge of the spout. A small air hole in the lid is often created to stop the spout from dripping and splashing when tea is poured."}]},"fr":{"title":"Théière","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9i%C3%A8re","revisionId":237080510,"revisionTimestamp":"2026-06-15T20:11:36Z","revisionUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=237080510","historyUrl":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9i%C3%A8re&action=history","accessedAt":"2026-10-11T12:50:20.035Z","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","attribution":"Contributeurs de Wikipédia — Théière","changes":"Selected complete native-language sentence excerpts; omitted remaining paragraphs, quotations, bibliographies, list fragments, citations, tables and images; whitespace normalized. No machine translation or factual additions.","sections":[{"kind":"overview","heading":"","text":"Une théière est un récipient à couvercle, muni d'une anse et d'un bec verseur, utilisé pour l'infusion et le service du thé. Existant dans toutes les formes et toutes les tailles, elle peut être en terre, grès, porcelaine, métaux (aluminium, acier inoxydable, fonte, cuivre, argent, or) ou verre."},{"kind":"history","heading":"Histoire","text":"La théière dérive probablement des bouilloires en céramique et des pots à vin en bronze ou en d'autres métaux qui furent une caractéristique de la vie culturelle chinoise pendant des milliers d'années. Le premier exemplaire de théière qui ait survécu semble être celui du Flagstaff House Museum of Teaware (en), datant de 1513 et attribué à Gongchun.\n\nElle apparaît pour la première fois en France en 1686 lors de la visite des ambassadeurs de Siam à la cour de Versailles attirée à cette époque par les chinoiseries.\n\nSon modèle classique piriforme apparaît dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle."}]}},"images":[],"facts":[],"gaps":[],"title":{"fr":"Théière","en":"Teapot"},"family":"vessels","collection":"museum-type","matchEvidence":{"method":"controlled-object-type-vocabulary","requestedTitle":"Teapot","resolvedTitle":"Teapot","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245005"},"entityId":"Q245005"}]}